Renal Disorders 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Demographics: prostate cancer

A

Slow growing form of cancer causing microscopic changes in ⅓ of men by age 50

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2
Q

Demographics: carcinoma in situ (prostate cancer)

A

50-75% of men by age 75

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3
Q

Prostate cancer: early sx

A

Not likely to have sx early on

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4
Q

Later s/s of prostate cancer are consistent with those of

A

Lower urinary tract obstruction

  • urinary problems (hesitancy, small amts, dribbling, frequency, nocturia)
  • lower abd, back, hip, thigh pain/discomfort
  • difficulty having an erection
  • blood in urine or semen
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5
Q

Dx prostate cancer by

A
  • biopsy (only true ex procedure)

- cytological exam

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6
Q

Histological changes with prostate cancer scored using

A

Gleason scale

Based on lack of cell differentiation

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7
Q

Testicular cancer prevalence

A
  • relatively rare

- occurs most often in young men (15-35)

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8
Q

Testicular cancer: most common finding

A
  • may be asymptomatic

- hard, painless, pea-sized lump

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9
Q

Testicular cancer: curable?

A
  • Almost always curable with early detection

- low chance of metastasis to other testicle if found early

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10
Q

Testicular cancer s/s

A
  • lump in either testicle
  • any enlargement, swelling, hardness, pain, discomfort
  • significant decrease in testicle size
  • dull ache in lower abdomen or groin
  • sudden collection of fluid in scrotum
  • enlargement or tenderness in breasts
  • infertility
  • unexplained malaise or fatigue
  • LBP
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11
Q

With testicular cancer, why is LBP significant?

A

Metastases to retroperitoneal lymph nodes

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12
Q

Renal carcinomas: prevalence

A

Only 3-4% of all cancers

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13
Q

Most common type of Renal carcinomas:

A

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

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14
Q

RCC usually presents with

A
  • flank pain
  • hematuria
  • pain with urination
  • urinary urgency
  • palpable abdominal mass
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15
Q

RCC: early stages

A
  • may be silent

- metastatic disease seen in 25-30% of cases at first dx

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16
Q

RCC; intervention and px

A
  • surgical and chemo (ILK-2)

- variable px

17
Q

Renal cancer risk factors

A
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • HTN
  • long term dialysis
  • occupation (iron and steel injury, asbestos exposure)
  • male more than female
18
Q

Renal carcinomas: If working with elderly population, initial screening questions should include

A
  • urinary function

- usual weight loss, fatigue, etc questions

19
Q

Renal carcinomas: look for

A
  • unexplained abd, flank, or back pain

- cough or pulmonary system concerns (RCC mets to sternum)

20
Q

Wilm’s tumor aka

A

Nephroblastoma

21
Q

Who gets Wilm’s tumor?

A
  • most common in children
  • seen in first 6 years of life
  • 500 cases/yr
22
Q

Wilm’s tumor: s/s

A
  • n/v
  • abd pain
  • malaise
  • loss of appetite
  • hematuria
23
Q

Wilm’s tumor may be seen with

A

Some hereditary syndromes

24
Q

Wilm’s tumor survival rate

A

5 year survival is 92%

Most do not metastasize

25
Urge incontinence
- sudden, compelling desire to pee that's difficult to defer | - often related to detrusor instability
26
Stress incontinence
involuntary loss of urine with effort/physical exertion/sneezing/coughing
27
Mixed incontinence
Combo of urge and stress
28
Overflow incontinence
- involuntary loss of urine when bladder becomes overly full | - even without feeling the need to urinate
29
Functional incontinence
Unable to/difficulty with getting to a restroom in time
30
Reference range for BUN, creatinine
10-20 mg/dL for adults (ish)
31
BUN increases when
Renal function decreases
32
What does an increased BUN indicate?
Decreased renal blood flow