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Clin Med 2 > Cancer Classification 1 > Flashcards

Cancer Classification 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scale used to evaluate a PSA test?

A

Gleason scale

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2
Q

Gleason scale: 1

A

Small, uniform glands

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3
Q

Gleason scale: 2

A

More space between glands

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4
Q

Gleason scale: 3

A

Infiltration of cells from glands at margins

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5
Q

Gleason scale: 4

A

Irregular masses of cells with few glands

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6
Q

Gleason scale: 5

A
  • Lack of glands

- Sheets of cells

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7
Q

Fecal occult test aka

A
  • Stool guaiac

- Hemoccult test

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8
Q

Subcategories of malignancy

A
  1. Carcinomas
  2. Sarcomas
  3. Blood-borne cancers
  4. Primary tumors of nerve tissue
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9
Q

85% of all cancers are of this subtype

A

Carcinomas

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10
Q

Carcinomas originate in these types of cells

A

Epithelial

  • skin
  • large intestine
  • breast
  • stomach
  • lungs
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11
Q

Carcinomas are often (fast/slow) growing

A

Fast

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12
Q

Why do carcinomas often grow quickly?

A
  • epithelial tissue grows rapidly

- replaces itself regularly

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13
Q

How do carcinomas spread?

A
  • By invading local tissues

- Metastasize via lymphatics

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14
Q

Sarcomas develop from this type of tissue

A

Connective

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15
Q

What are the connective tissue types that sarcomas often develop from?

A
  • bone
  • muscle
  • cartilage
  • fibrous tissue
  • fat
  • synovium
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16
Q

What are the types of bone tumors?

A

Malignant

  • Osteosarcoma
  • Ewing’s sarcoma

Benign
- Osteoid osteoma

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17
Q

Osteosarcoma aka

A

Osteogenic sarcoma

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18
Q

What bones are commonly affected by osteosarcoma?

A
  • long bones

- often around knee in femur or tib/fib

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19
Q

Osteosarcoma: age range

A

10-25

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20
Q

Osteosarcoma appears to be related to these

A

Growth spurts

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21
Q

Most deaths with osteosarcoma are attributed to:

A

Pulmonary metastases

22
Q

What is the tx for osteosarcoma?

A
  • surgery for tumor removal with wide margins

- some result in amputation, but often include limb salvage techniques

23
Q

Osteosarcoma: survival?

A
  • 5 year survival is 70%

- attributed to chemo and surgery combo

24
Q

Osteosarcoma: malignancy, important things to notice

A
  • extremely malignant with destructive lesions
  • pain in lesion area
  • pathological fx
25
Q

What causes Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

Genetic translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22

26
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma: age range

A

5-16

27
Q

3 main risk factors for Ewing’s sarcoma

A
  1. Caucasian
  2. Parental smoking
  3. Parental occupation that includes exposure to pesticides
28
Q

Where are the most common sites for Ewing’s sarcoma?

A
  • pelvis
  • femur
  • tibia
  • ulna
  • metarsus
29
Q

s/s to look for with Ewing’s sarcoma:

A
  • pain (local bone pain)
  • swelling
  • fever
  • fatigue
30
Q

What is the most common symptom seen with Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

Local bone pain

Often occurs after another injury, which can delay dx

31
Q

What is one of the most telling symptoms that differentiates osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

Fatigue

32
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma is (fast/slow) growing and is composed of:

A
  • fast

- islands of small, uniformly round cells of neural origin

33
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma: 5 year survival

A

70%

34
Q

What is an osteoid osteoma?

A
  • non-cancerous, benign tumor

- NO potential for malignancy

35
Q

Where are osteoid osteomas often seen?

A
  • femur
  • tibia
  • near end of diaphysis
36
Q

Who gets osteoid osteomas most often?

A
  • men

- less than 25 y.o.

37
Q

Osteoid osteoma: growth

A
  • not progressive

- rarely grow larger than 1 cm in diameter

38
Q

s/s of osteoid osteoma:

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • tenderness
  • may see painful scoliosis (scoliosis isn’t normally painful early on)
39
Q

What is a major clue that would signal an osteoid osteoma? Why?

A

Aspirin/NSAIDs significantly relieve pain (more than expected)

tumor is prostaglandin sensitive

40
Q

What are the top 3 malignant tumor types from connective tissue in order?

A
  1. Osteosarcoma
  2. Chondrosarcoma
  3. Ewing’ sarcoma
41
Q

Tx for osteoid osteoma

A

Most pts choose surgical excision

42
Q

Who primarily gets malignant bone tumors?

A
  • children and young adults

- less than 1% of the population

43
Q

What is the most malignant tumor that occurs in cartilage?

A

Chondrosarcoma

44
Q

Chondrosarcoma is (slow/fast) growing

A
  • slow

- can be present for years before pain is noticed

45
Q

Most carcinomas are classified as grade:

A

I or II

46
Q

Chondrosarcoma: risk of mets in comparison with osteosarcoma

A

Less

47
Q

With chondrosarcomas, there is an increased risk for:

A
  • thrombus formation

- mets to lung, other bones, or organs

48
Q

What things should you look for that might indicate a sarcoma?

A
  • persistent swelling or lump in soft tissue
  • pain
  • warmth
49
Q

Who often gets sarcomas in general?

A

Younger people less than 25 y.o.

50
Q

Sarcomas invade this way

A

Local invasion

Clin Med 2 (78 decks)

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