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Clin Med 2 > Cancer Classification 1 > Flashcards

Cancer Classification 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scale used to evaluate a PSA test?

A

Gleason scale

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2
Q

Gleason scale: 1

A

Small, uniform glands

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3
Q

Gleason scale: 2

A

More space between glands

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4
Q

Gleason scale: 3

A

Infiltration of cells from glands at margins

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5
Q

Gleason scale: 4

A

Irregular masses of cells with few glands

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6
Q

Gleason scale: 5

A
  • Lack of glands

- Sheets of cells

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7
Q

Fecal occult test aka

A
  • Stool guaiac

- Hemoccult test

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8
Q

Subcategories of malignancy

A
  1. Carcinomas
  2. Sarcomas
  3. Blood-borne cancers
  4. Primary tumors of nerve tissue
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9
Q

85% of all cancers are of this subtype

A

Carcinomas

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10
Q

Carcinomas originate in these types of cells

A

Epithelial

  • skin
  • large intestine
  • breast
  • stomach
  • lungs
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11
Q

Carcinomas are often (fast/slow) growing

A

Fast

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12
Q

Why do carcinomas often grow quickly?

A
  • epithelial tissue grows rapidly

- replaces itself regularly

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13
Q

How do carcinomas spread?

A
  • By invading local tissues

- Metastasize via lymphatics

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14
Q

Sarcomas develop from this type of tissue

A

Connective

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15
Q

What are the connective tissue types that sarcomas often develop from?

A
  • bone
  • muscle
  • cartilage
  • fibrous tissue
  • fat
  • synovium
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16
Q

What are the types of bone tumors?

A

Malignant

  • Osteosarcoma
  • Ewing’s sarcoma

Benign
- Osteoid osteoma

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17
Q

Osteosarcoma aka

A

Osteogenic sarcoma

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18
Q

What bones are commonly affected by osteosarcoma?

A
  • long bones

- often around knee in femur or tib/fib

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19
Q

Osteosarcoma: age range

A

10-25

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20
Q

Osteosarcoma appears to be related to these

A

Growth spurts

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21
Q

Most deaths with osteosarcoma are attributed to:

A

Pulmonary metastases

22
Q

What is the tx for osteosarcoma?

A
  • surgery for tumor removal with wide margins

- some result in amputation, but often include limb salvage techniques

23
Q

Osteosarcoma: survival?

A
  • 5 year survival is 70%

- attributed to chemo and surgery combo

24
Q

Osteosarcoma: malignancy, important things to notice

A
  • extremely malignant with destructive lesions
  • pain in lesion area
  • pathological fx
25
What causes Ewing's sarcoma?
Genetic translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22
26
Ewing's sarcoma: age range
5-16
27
3 main risk factors for Ewing's sarcoma
1. Caucasian 2. Parental smoking 3. Parental occupation that includes exposure to pesticides
28
Where are the most common sites for Ewing's sarcoma?
- pelvis - femur - tibia - ulna - metarsus
29
s/s to look for with Ewing's sarcoma:
- pain (local bone pain) - swelling - fever - fatigue
30
What is the most common symptom seen with Ewing's sarcoma?
Local bone pain | Often occurs after another injury, which can delay dx
31
What is one of the most telling symptoms that differentiates osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma?
Fatigue
32
Ewing's sarcoma is (fast/slow) growing and is composed of:
- fast | - islands of small, uniformly round cells of neural origin
33
Ewing's sarcoma: 5 year survival
70%
34
What is an osteoid osteoma?
- non-cancerous, benign tumor | - NO potential for malignancy
35
Where are osteoid osteomas often seen?
- femur - tibia - near end of diaphysis
36
Who gets osteoid osteomas most often?
- men | - less than 25 y.o.
37
Osteoid osteoma: growth
- not progressive | - rarely grow larger than 1 cm in diameter
38
s/s of osteoid osteoma:
- pain - swelling - warmth - tenderness - may see painful scoliosis (scoliosis isn't normally painful early on)
39
What is a major clue that would signal an osteoid osteoma? Why?
Aspirin/NSAIDs significantly relieve pain (more than expected) **tumor is prostaglandin sensitive**
40
What are the top 3 malignant tumor types from connective tissue in order?
1. Osteosarcoma 2. Chondrosarcoma 3. Ewing' sarcoma
41
Tx for osteoid osteoma
Most pts choose surgical excision
42
Who primarily gets malignant bone tumors?
- children and young adults | - less than 1% of the population
43
What is the most malignant tumor that occurs in cartilage?
Chondrosarcoma
44
Chondrosarcoma is (slow/fast) growing
- slow | - can be present for years before pain is noticed
45
Most carcinomas are classified as grade:
I or II
46
Chondrosarcoma: risk of mets in comparison with osteosarcoma
Less
47
With chondrosarcomas, there is an increased risk for:
- thrombus formation | - mets to lung, other bones, or organs
48
What things should you look for that might indicate a sarcoma?
- persistent swelling or lump in soft tissue - pain - warmth
49
Who often gets sarcomas in general?
Younger people less than 25 y.o.
50
Sarcomas invade this way
Local invasion

Clin Med 2 (78 decks)

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