Cardio 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during “lub”?

A
  • Ventricular contraction (depolarization)

- S1

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2
Q

What happens during “dub”?

A
  • ventricular filling (repolarization)

- S2

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3
Q

S1 =

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves close

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4
Q

S2 =

A

Aortic and pulmonic valves close

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5
Q

What are the rhythms to worry about as a PT?

A
  • normal sinus rhythm
  • PVC
  • A-fib
  • V-fib
  • flatline
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6
Q

What structures control heart action?

A
  • cardiac action potentials

- conduction system

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7
Q

Cardiac action potentials =

A

Electrical impulses

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8
Q

SA node: where is it?

A
  • in RA

- just above tricuspid valve

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9
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Generates ~75 action potential per minute

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10
Q

SA node =

A

Sinoatrial node

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11
Q

AV node =

A

Atrioventricular node

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12
Q

Where is the AV node?

A
  • in RA
  • superior to tricuspid valve
  • near autonomic parasympathetic ganglia
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13
Q

What is the function of the autonomic parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Slow impulse conduction through the AV node

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14
Q

From the AV node, where does an AP go?

A
  • bindle of His (av bundle)
  • R and L bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers
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15
Q

Conduction sequence:

Normal excitation originates in ______, then propagates through ______

A
  • SA node

- both atria

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16
Q

Conduction sequence:

Atrial depolarization spreads to _______, and passes through _______ to the _________

A
  • AV node
  • bundle of His
  • bundle branches/Purkinje fibers
17
Q

The intrinsic pacemaker rate is (faster/slower) in structures further along the activation pathway

A

Slower

18
Q

The AV nodal rate is (faster/slower) than the SA node rate

A

Slower

19
Q

Why is the intrinsic pacemaker rate of the AV node slower than the SA node?

A

prevents AV node from generating a spontaneous rhythm under normal conditions

20
Q

AV node rate

A

Refractory

Under 55 bpm

21
Q

What happens if the SA node becomes inactive?

A

AV nodal rate determines ventricular rate

22
Q

Conduction sequence (structures)

A
  1. SA node
  2. Atrial myocardium
  3. AV node
  4. Bundle of His
  5. Bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibers
  7. Ventricular myocardium
23
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Voltage differential across the cell membrane

24
Q

Depolarization =

A
  • electrical activation of the cell

- inside the cell is less negatively charged

25
Q

Drugs and depolarization

A

Drugs that alter ion movement can affect HR

26
Q

repolarizatoin =

A
  • electrical deactivation

- inside the cell is more negatively charged

27
Q

Hyperpolarization =

A
  • too much extracellular K+

- resting potential is more negative

28
Q

Refractory period =

A
  • no new cardiac AP can be initiated

- gives time for channels that permit Na+ and Ca2+ to re-enter the cell

29
Q

What can abn refractory periods do?

A

Cause dysrhythmias

Due to heart dz

30
Q

Electrocardiogram =

A

Sum of all cardiac APs

31
Q

Automaticity =

A

generating spontaneous depolarization to threshold so that SA and AV nodes generate cardiac APs without any stimulus

32
Q

Rhythmicity =

A
  • SA sets the pace bc it’s usually the fastest (60-100 bpm)

- AV (40-60 bpm) takes over if SA damaged

33
Q

What takes over for the AV node?

A

Conduction cells in the atria

34
Q

These can also conduct potential (30-40 bpm)

A

Purkinje fibers