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Clin Med 2 > Renal Disorders 3 > Flashcards

Renal Disorders 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Renal cyst

A

Cavity filled with fluid or renal tubular elements making up a semisolid material

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2
Q

How many categories of renal cysts?

A

6

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3
Q

Most common type of renal cysts

A

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

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4
Q

PKD is a leading cause of

A

ESRD

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5
Q

PKD requires

A
  • dialysis

- transplantation

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6
Q

PKD: what causes it?

A

Genetic component

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7
Q

PKD: increased risk for

A
  • HTN
  • UTI
  • certebral and aortic aneurysms
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8
Q

PKD: s/s

A

Same as other kidney disorders, but greatly enlarged

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9
Q

Upper urinary tract obstructions: slow growing

A

Tumors of the kidney may be slow growing without sx until they reach the point of impairment

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10
Q

Upper urinary tract obstructions: acute

A

Acute blockage by a stone (calculus) can result in abrupt, excruciating pain

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11
Q

Where do calculi develop?

A
  • primarily develop in the kidney

- can stay here, or travel down the urinary tract and lodge at any point

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12
Q

Calculus formation =

A

Nephrolithiasis

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13
Q

Calculi are technically called this once they make their way to the ureter

A

Ureteral stones

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14
Q

(Kidney/ureteral) stones cause the most pain

A

Ureteral

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15
Q

Nephrolithiasis is the ___ most common urinary tract disorder __% of adults

A

3rd

5%

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16
Q

(Men/women) are more affected by nephrolithiasis

A

Men

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17
Q

nephrolithiasis: how is this formed?

A

Mineral deposits form inside the kidney

  • calcium stones most common
  • uric acid stones common in someone with gout
18
Q

nephrolithiasis incidence is highest when?

A

Hot summer months

19
Q

nephrolithiasis: size

A

Vary in shapes and sizes

20
Q

S/s calculi

A
  • severe, unilateral pain of side and back, groin, abd, etc
  • murphy’s sign usu positive
  • pain in waves and fluctuating intensity
  • pain during urination
  • hematuria
  • cloudy or foul smelling urine
  • N/V
  • increased urge to urinate
  • decreased voiding interval
  • fever and chills if infection present
  • small amts of urine
21
Q

Hematuria =

A

Pink, red, or brown urine

22
Q

What happens when there is a blockage?

A

urine accumulates proximal

23
Q

Hydroureter =

A

Urine accumulates at level of ureter

24
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Urine accumulates above the ureter

25
Q

Prevention of calculi

A
  • get tests and go on meds if there’s some pathology discovered
  • adequate fluid intake to decrease saturation of stone-forming crystals
  • dietary mods according to stone type
26
Q

Prevention of calculi: should be encouraged to drink enough water to achieve

A

Clear colored urine

27
Q

Should a pt with calculi restrict calcium intake?

A

No, may be harmful

28
Q

Medical tx of calculi: IV fluids

A
  • meds to relieve N/V and pain

- BP meds to promote relaxation of ureter and increase liquid pressure

29
Q

Medical tx of calculi: some require immed intervention to remove stone. When?

A
  • anuria
  • obstruction plus infection proximal to the stone
  • unresponsive pain/vomiting
  • solitary or transplanted kidney
30
Q

If stones are of this size, can have shockwave lithotripsy

A

Less than 1 cm in proximal ureter

31
Q

Shockwave lithotripsy =

A
  • uses sound waves to break calculi into fragments

- broken down to the point that they can be spontaneously passed

32
Q

What must be done if stones are more than 1 cm in proximal ureter?

A

Ureteroscopy

  • pass a scope through urethra and bladder until reaching the stone
  • laser passed through scope, tip placedo n stone, and laser is discharged
33
Q

How are stones in the distal portion of the ureter treated?

A
  • lithotripsy
  • ureteroscopy
  • medical expulsive therapy (flomax)
34
Q

Common lower urinary tract conditions

A
  • bladder tumors (most common site of urinary tract cancer)

- prostatic enlargement (either benign or malignant)

35
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate causing prostate enlargement

36
Q

How many types of prostatitis?

A

3

37
Q

Causes of prostatitis

A

Unclear

38
Q

Prostatitis: painful and can be exacerbated by

A

Sexual activity

39
Q

Prostatitis: complaints

A
  • voiding complaints similar to those of BPH

- may also have discomfort before, during, or after voiding

40
Q

Dx stuff

A
  • intravenous pyelogram (IVP) - dye injected and x-ray taken
  • KUB radiograph (kidney, ureters, and bladder)
  • renal artery doppler

Clin Med 2 (78 decks)

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