Beetus 2 Flashcards
What is DM?
chronic disorder caused by either deficient insulin or defective insulin action
DM is characterized by (hypo/hyper)glycemia
Hyperglycemia
DM is the leading cause of:
- ESRD
- blindness
- non-traumatic amputation of LE
What are the 3 main roles of insulin?
- helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb glucose from the blood
- stimulates the liver and (to a lesser extent) muscle tissue store excess glucose in the form of glycogen
- lowers blood glucose by reducing glucose production in the liver
Type 1 DM and insulin
Little or no insulin produced
Type II DM
Defective insulin and/or impaired cell receptor binding of insulin
How does activity impact glucose uptake by muscle?
- increased membrane permeability to glucose
- during mod to heavy exercise
How does carbohydrate consumption impact insulin/muscle
insulin can increase rate of glucose transport into resting muscle cell by 15x
How does the brain use glucose?
- brain has GLUT1 transporters to allow glucose uptake
- NOT directly insulin dependent
What is critical blood glucose level for normal brain function?
Over 20-50 mg/dl
What happens below blood glucose of 20-50?
hypoglycemic shock with
- fainting
- seizures
- potentially coma
What brain-related effects happen with hyperglycemia that are similar to hypoglycemia?
- progressive loss of consciousness
- leads to coma
3 major insulin effects that lead to fat storage in adipose tissue
- Increased utilization of glucose will decrease utilization of fat, functioning as a fat sparer
- Promotion of fatty acid synthesis
- Increased uptake of glucose by fat cells and conversion to fatty acids
What does insulin deficiency promote?
- increased plasma cholesterol
- increased phospholipid synthesis from fatty acids in the liver
- ketoacidosis
High lipid concentration, especially cholesterol, promotes the development of:
Atherosclerosis in people with deficient insulin action