Cardio 3

Question 1

Electrocardiogram: P wave

Answer 1

Atrial depolarization

Question 2

Electrocardiogram: PR interval

Answer 2

Onset of atrial activation to ventricular activation

Question 3

Electrocardiogram: QRS

Answer 3

• Ventricular depolarization

- Atrial repolarization

Question 4

Electrocardiogram: ST interval

Answer 4

Ventricular depolarization

Question 5

Electrocardiogram: QT interval

Answer 5

Time between ventricles contracting and refilling

Question 6

Electrocardiogram: T

Answer 6

Ventricular repolarization

Question 7

What is cardiac output?

Answer 7

amt of blood flowing through the systemic or pulmonary circuit per minute

Question 8

Normal cardiac output at rest

Answer 8

5 L/min

Question 9

Ejection fraction =

Answer 9

• Amt of blood ejected in a beat

- can be estimated with echocardiography

Question 10

Stroke volume

Answer 10

Volume of blood ejected during systole

Question 11

EF = (equation)

Answer 11

Stroke volume / end-diastolic volume

Question 12

Normal EF =

Answer 12

50-75%

Question 13

Decreased EF is a sign of

Answer 13

Ventricular failure

Question 14

Decreased EF: below normal

Answer 14

36-49%

Question 15

Decreased EF: severe ventricular failure

Answer 15

Under 35%

Question 16

What will you see with pts with severe ventricular failure (low EF)

Answer 16

• fatigue with ADLs

- going into CHF

Question 17

Preload =

Answer 17

Volume and pressure in ventricle at end of diastole

Question 18

What is preload called?

Answer 18

Left ventricular end-diastolic volume

Question 19

Laplace law

Answer 19

• length/tension relationship

- preload affects size of ventricle and ability to produce a forceful contraction

Question 20

Frank Starling law of the heart

Answer 20

• myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
• greater stress = stronger contraction

Question 21

Afterload =

Answer 21

Resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

Question 22

What is afterload determined by?

Answer 22

System vascular resistance in

• aorta
• arteries
• arterioles

Question 23

Changes in preload, afterload, and contractility all interact to determine

Answer 23

• stroke volume

- cardiac output

Question 24

CVD: How many Americans?

Answer 24

1 in 3

Question 25

CVD: Half of all deaths from heart disease are

Answer 25

- sudden | - unexpected

Question 26

CVD: Risk factors

Answer 26

- advancing age - HTN - obesity/sedentary lifestyle - excessive ETOH consumption - oral BC use over 35, with smoking - abn cholesterol levels - race

Question 27

CVD: s/s

Answer 27

- chest, neck, arm pain/discomfort - palpitations - dyspnesa - syncope (Fainting) - cough - diaphoresis - cyanosis - edema and leg pain (claudication) point to vascular complications

Question 28

CVD: chest pain Referral

Answer 28

May radiate to - neck - jaw - upper tarp - upper back - shoulder - UE (L most common)

Question 29

CVD: chest pain Pathologies include

Answer 29

Both acute and non-acute cardiac conditions

Question 30

CVD: chest pain Often associated with (s/s)

Answer 30

- nausea - vomiting - diaphoresis - dyspnea - syncope

Question 31

CVD: palpitations

Answer 31

Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia, dysrhytmia)

Question 32

CVD: palpitations Irregular heartbeat causes

Answer 32

- benign (caffeine, anxiety) - serious but non-emergent (mitral valve prolapse) - serious and urgent or emergent (aneurysm, heart block)

Question 33

CVD: palpitations Sensation

Answer 33

"Fluttering"

Question 34

CVD: palpitations When might these be within normal heart fxn?

Answer 34

- under 6 per minute OR | - lasting less than 2 mins

Question 35

CVD: palpitations More serious complications

Answer 35

- pain - dyspnea - fainting - lightheadedness

Question 36

CVD: palpitations What may these be symptomatic of in addition to cardiac?

Answer 36

- thyroid dysfunction | - medication issue

Question 37

CVD: dyspnea This may indicate extent of CVD

Answer 37

Severity of dyspnea

Question 38

DOE =

Answer 38

Dyspnea on exertion

Question 39

What may DOE indicate?

Answer 39

- LV dysfunction | - pulmonary congestion

Question 40

PND =

Answer 40

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 41

CVD: dyspnea Where is PND often seen? What happens?

Answer 41

- frequently seen in CHF | - person awakes because of fluid overload in recumbant position

Question 42

Orthopnea =

Answer 42

- breathlessness in recumbent position - relieved by sitting upright - # of pillows needed to relieve condition is a measure of severity of fluid overload

Question 43

CVD: dyspnea What would necessitate referral to PCP?

Answer 43

Inability to climb a flight of stairs without mod-severe SOB