Respiratory physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Vd/Vt ratio tells us the percentage of the

A

total tidal volume that is allocated to dead space

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2
Q

In the spontaneously ventilating patient, the Vd/Vt ratio approximates

A

0.33

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3
Q

In the mechanically ventilated patient, the Vd/Vt ratio approximates

A

0.50

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4
Q

Factors that increase the ratio of Vd to Vt include

A

a facemask
atropine
neck extension

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5
Q

Factors that decrease the ratio of Vd to Vt include

A

ETT
LMA
neck flexion

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6
Q

Physiologic dead space can be calculated with the

A

Bohr equation
compares the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood vs. the partial pressure of CO2 in exhaled gas

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7
Q

The most common cause of increased Vd/Vt under general anesthesia is a reduction in

A

cardiac output

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8
Q

What pathophysiology will increase Vd?

A

decreased cardiac output
COPD
PE (thrombus, air, amniotic fluid)

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9
Q

What surgical position will increase Vd?

A

sitting

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10
Q

What surgical position will decrease Vd?

A

supine
Trendelenburg (head down)

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11
Q

Does increasing the length of the circuit increase dead space?

A

No; in the circle system dead space begins at the y-piece and anything proximal does not influence dead space

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12
Q

What is the A-a gradient equation?

A

PAO2-PaO2

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13
Q

A patient is in the sitting position. When compared to the apex of the lung, which of the following are higher in the base?
a. blood flow
b. partial pressure of alveolar oxygen
c. V/Q ratio
d. partial pressure of alveolar carbon dioxide

A

a. blood flow
d. partial pressure of alveolar carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What is the normal V/Q ratio?

A

0.8

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15
Q

Alveolar compliance is defined as

A

a change in alveolar volume for a given change in pressure

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16
Q

Alveolar ventilation is greatest in the lung

A

base due to greater alveolar compliance

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17
Q

Alveolar perfusion is greatest in the lung

A

base due to higher pulmonary blood flow

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18
Q

In the sitting position, which lung region is the dependent lung and which is the non-dependent lung?

A

base- dependent
apex- non-dependent

19
Q

Identify the statements that represent the MOST accurate understanding of V/Q mismatch. (Select 2)
a. bronchioles constrict to minimize zone 1
b. the A-a gradient is usually small
c. blood passing through under-ventilated alveoli tends to retain CO2
d. hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction minimizes dead space

A

a. bronchioles constrict to minimize zone 1
c. blood passing through underventilated alveoli tends to retain CO2

20
Q

The normal ratio of ventilation to perfusion is

A

0.8

21
Q

Dead space occurs when there is

A

ventilation but no perfusion (V/Q= infinity)

22
Q

Shunt occurs when there is

A

perfusion but no ventilation (V/Q= 0)

23
Q

The most common cause of hypoxemia in the PACU is

A

atelectasis

24
Q

Atelectasis leads to

A

right to left shunt
V/Q mismatch
hypoxemia

25
Q

Patients with V/Q mismatch tend to have more trouble with _________ than with ______________

A

oxygenation than with CO2 elimination

26
Q

CO2 retention suggests a

A

severe V/Q mismatch

27
Q

Treatment for atelectasis includes

A

humidified O2 & maneuvers designed to reopen the airways (mobility, coughing, deep breathing, and incentive spirometry)

28
Q

What happens in under-ventilated alveoli?

A

blood passing through underventilated alveoli tends to retain CO2 and is unable to take in enough oxygen

29
Q

What happens in over-ventilated alveoli?

A

blood passing through over-ventilated alveoli tends to give off an excessive amount of CO2; remember that CO2 diffuses 20 times faster than oxygen

30
Q

To combat dead space is zone 1, the body

A

constricts the bronchioles to minimize ventilation of poorly perfused alveoli

31
Q

To combat shunt in zone 3, the body engages

A

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to reduce pulmonary blood flow to the poorly ventilated alveoli

32
Q

Variables described by the law of LaPlace include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. tension
b. pressure
c. radius
d. density

A

d. density

33
Q

The law of Laplace describes the relationship between

A

pressure, radius, and wall tension

34
Q

____ equalizes the effect of surface tension by keeping alveolar pressures constant

A

Surfactant

35
Q

Surfactant prevents

A

smaller alveoli from collapsing and emptying into larger alveoli

36
Q

What is the law of Laplace for spherical shapes?

A

P= 2T/R

37
Q

The tendency of an alveolus to collapse is directly proportional to

A

surface tension (more tension= more likely to collapse)

38
Q

The tendency of an alveolus to collapse is inversely proportional to

A

alveolar radius (smaller radius= more likely to collapse)

39
Q

A thin layer of _____ coats the alveoli, increasing _______ & promoting alveolar collapse

A

water; surface tension

40
Q

________________ produce surfactant

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

41
Q

When do type 2 pneumocytes produce surfactant?

A

between 22-26 weeks with peak production occurring at 35-36 weeks

42
Q

Fetal lung maturity (in the setting of premature labor) can be hastened by

A

corticosteroids

43
Q

What is the law of Laplace for cylinder shapes?

A

tension = pressure x radius
think blood vessels