Respiratory physiology 2 Flashcards
The Vd/Vt ratio tells us the percentage of the
total tidal volume that is allocated to dead space
In the spontaneously ventilating patient, the Vd/Vt ratio approximates
0.33
In the mechanically ventilated patient, the Vd/Vt ratio approximates
0.50
Factors that increase the ratio of Vd to Vt include
a facemask
atropine
neck extension
Factors that decrease the ratio of Vd to Vt include
ETT
LMA
neck flexion
Physiologic dead space can be calculated with the
Bohr equation
compares the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood vs. the partial pressure of CO2 in exhaled gas
The most common cause of increased Vd/Vt under general anesthesia is a reduction in
cardiac output
What pathophysiology will increase Vd?
decreased cardiac output
COPD
PE (thrombus, air, amniotic fluid)
What surgical position will increase Vd?
sitting
What surgical position will decrease Vd?
supine
Trendelenburg (head down)
Does increasing the length of the circuit increase dead space?
No; in the circle system dead space begins at the y-piece and anything proximal does not influence dead space
What is the A-a gradient equation?
PAO2-PaO2
A patient is in the sitting position. When compared to the apex of the lung, which of the following are higher in the base?
a. blood flow
b. partial pressure of alveolar oxygen
c. V/Q ratio
d. partial pressure of alveolar carbon dioxide
a. blood flow
d. partial pressure of alveolar carbon dioxide
What is the normal V/Q ratio?
0.8
Alveolar compliance is defined as
a change in alveolar volume for a given change in pressure
Alveolar ventilation is greatest in the lung
base due to greater alveolar compliance
Alveolar perfusion is greatest in the lung
base due to higher pulmonary blood flow