Endocrine Flashcards
What two major systems maintain homeostasis
the nervous system
the endocrine system
The endocrine systems sends information to target cells via
hormones circulating in the blood
__________ are essential in controlling hormonal levels
Feedback loops
What is a negative feedback loop?
the response is negative (opposite) the initiating stimulus which returns the parameter to a set point to maintain stability (homeostasis)
What is a positive feedback loop?
provides an unstable cycle in which the system responds in a way that increases the magnitude of the response. this results in the amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization
A cell releases a substance that travels through the bloodstream before it acts on different cells is known as
endocrine
A cell releases a substance that acts on the surface of the same cell is known as
autocrine
A cell releases a substance that acts on adjacent cells is known as
paracrine
What is faster the nervous system or endocrine system?
nervous system
What has a longer duration of action?
endocrine system
Describe the endocrine route.
hypothalamus–> anterior pituitary–> endocrine gland–> hormone–> target tissue
Which hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
a. prolactin
b. luteinizing hormone
c. antidiuretic hormone
d. oxytocin
e. corticotropin-releasing hormone
f. growth hormone
a. prolactin
b. luteinizing hormone
f. growth hormone
The posterior pituitary releases which hormones?
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
How can you remember the six hormones that the anterior pituitary hormone releases?
FLAT PiG
What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary?
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropin hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
prolactin
growth hormone
The hypothalamus links the
central nervous system to the endocrine system
The hypothalamus role is to
monitor hormone concentrations in the systemic circulation and instruct the pituitary gland to increase or decrease the release of hormones
The pituitary gland is divided into the
anterior and posterior glands
The role of follicle-stimulating hormone is to
germ cell maturation + ovarian follicle growth (females)
What is the role of luteinizing hormone?
testosterone production (males) + ovulation (females)
What is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
adrenal hormone release
What is the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
thyroid hormone release
What is the role of prolactin?
lactation
What is the role of growth hormone?
cell growth
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone?
water retention
What is the role of oxytocin?
uterine contraction + breastfeeding
What happens with hypersecretion of FSH?
early puberty
What happens with hyposecretion of FSH?
infertility
What happens with hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone?
Early puberty
What happens with hyposecretion of luteinizing hormone?
infertility
What happens with hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Cushing’s disease
What happens with hyposecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Addison’s disease
What happens with hypersecretion of TSH?
hyperthyroidism
What happens with hyposecretion of TSH?
hypothyroidism
cretinism (congenital)
What happens with hypersecretion of prolactin?
infertility
What happens with hyposecretion of prolactin?
menstrual dysfunction
What happens with hypersecretion of growth hormone?
acromegaly
gigantism (childhood)
What happens with hyposecretion of growth hormone?
dwarfism
What happens with hypersecretion of ADH?
SIADH
What happens with hyposecretion of ADH?
DI
What happens with hyposecretion of oxytocin
uterine atony
What regulates TRH release?
triiodothyronine (T3)
What regulates LHRH release?
testosterone, estrogen, and progresterone
What stimulates CRH release?
cortisol
What regulates GHRH and GHIH release?
growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1
What hormone are not affected by negative feedback?
oxytocin
prolactin
Prolactin output is under
neural control (increased dopamine decreases prolactin release)
Oxytocin is unique in that it is part of a
positive feedback loop (uterine contraction increases oxytocin release which stimulates more uterine contraction & more release)
