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Apex Review > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What two major systems maintain homeostasis

A

the nervous system
the endocrine system

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2
Q

The endocrine systems sends information to target cells via

A

hormones circulating in the blood

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3
Q

__________ are essential in controlling hormonal levels

A

Feedback loops

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4
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

the response is negative (opposite) the initiating stimulus which returns the parameter to a set point to maintain stability (homeostasis)

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5
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

provides an unstable cycle in which the system responds in a way that increases the magnitude of the response. this results in the amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization

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6
Q

A cell releases a substance that travels through the bloodstream before it acts on different cells is known as

A

endocrine

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7
Q

A cell releases a substance that acts on the surface of the same cell is known as

A

autocrine

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8
Q

A cell releases a substance that acts on adjacent cells is known as

A

paracrine

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9
Q

What is faster the nervous system or endocrine system?

A

nervous system

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10
Q

What has a longer duration of action?

A

endocrine system

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11
Q

Describe the endocrine route.

A

hypothalamus–> anterior pituitary–> endocrine gland–> hormone–> target tissue

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12
Q

Which hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
a. prolactin
b. luteinizing hormone
c. antidiuretic hormone
d. oxytocin
e. corticotropin-releasing hormone
f. growth hormone

A

a. prolactin
b. luteinizing hormone
f. growth hormone

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13
Q

The posterior pituitary releases which hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

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14
Q

How can you remember the six hormones that the anterior pituitary hormone releases?

A

FLAT PiG

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15
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropin hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
prolactin
growth hormone

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16
Q

The hypothalamus links the

A

central nervous system to the endocrine system

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17
Q

The hypothalamus role is to

A

monitor hormone concentrations in the systemic circulation and instruct the pituitary gland to increase or decrease the release of hormones

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18
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into the

A

anterior and posterior glands

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19
Q

The role of follicle-stimulating hormone is to

A

germ cell maturation + ovarian follicle growth (females)

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20
Q

What is the role of luteinizing hormone?

A

testosterone production (males) + ovulation (females)

21
Q

What is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

adrenal hormone release

22
Q

What is the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

thyroid hormone release

23
Q

What is the role of prolactin?

A

lactation

24
Q

What is the role of growth hormone?

A

cell growth

25
Q

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone?

A

water retention

26
Q

What is the role of oxytocin?

A

uterine contraction + breastfeeding

27
Q

What happens with hypersecretion of FSH?

A

early puberty

28
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of FSH?

A

infertility

29
Q

What happens with hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone?

A

Early puberty

30
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of luteinizing hormone?

A

infertility

31
Q

What happens with hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Cushing’s disease

32
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Addison’s disease

33
Q

What happens with hypersecretion of TSH?

A

hyperthyroidism

34
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of TSH?

A

hypothyroidism
cretinism (congenital)

35
Q

What happens with hypersecretion of prolactin?

A

infertility

36
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of prolactin?

A

menstrual dysfunction

37
Q

What happens with hypersecretion of growth hormone?

A

acromegaly
gigantism (childhood)

38
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of growth hormone?

A

dwarfism

39
Q

What happens with hypersecretion of ADH?

A

SIADH

40
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of ADH?

A

DI

41
Q

What happens with hyposecretion of oxytocin

A

uterine atony

42
Q

What regulates TRH release?

A

triiodothyronine (T3)

43
Q

What regulates LHRH release?

A

testosterone, estrogen, and progresterone

44
Q

What stimulates CRH release?

A

cortisol

45
Q

What regulates GHRH and GHIH release?

A

growth hormone and insulin growth factor-1

46
Q

What hormone are not affected by negative feedback?

A

oxytocin
prolactin

47
Q

Prolactin output is under

A

neural control (increased dopamine decreases prolactin release)

48
Q

Oxytocin is unique in that it is part of a

A

positive feedback loop (uterine contraction increases oxytocin release which stimulates more uterine contraction & more release)

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