Chemistry and physics Flashcards
An ion is an
atom that carries a positive or negative charge
A ___________________________- involves the complete transfer of valence electron(s) from one atom to another. This leaves one atom with a negative charge and the other with a positive charge.
ionic bond
_______ tend to form ionic bonds.
Metals
acids & bases
____________ involves the equal sharing of electrons.
Covalent bonds
A single bond is created when
one pair of electrons is shared
A double bond is created when
two pairs of electrons are shared
__________ describes a very weak intermolecular force that holds molecules of the same type together
Van der Waals’ forces
_______________ are when atoms share electrons, but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the other
Polar covalent bonds
A key example of a polar covalent bond is
water
the region near the oxygen atom is relatively negative and the region near each hydrogen atom is relatively positive
Molecular bonds in decreasing order of strength are
covalent>ionic>polar covalent
The atom consists of the following three components:
protons (+ charge)
neutrons (no charge)
electrons (negative chrage)
What parts form the nucleus of the atom?
protons and neutrons
The number of ____________ in the nucleus determines the atom’s atomic number
protons
The electrons in the outermost shell are called
valence electrons
An incomplete shell allows
an atom to react with another atom
Two or more atoms bonded together is called a
molecule
A full shell makes the atom
non-reactive (inert)
An atom will have a neutral charge if
electrons= # protons
An atom will have a positive charge if
electrons <# protons
An atom will have a negative charge if
electrons> #protons
An atom with a positive charge (it has lost electrons) is called a
cation
An atom with a negative charge (it has gained electrons) is called an
anion
Dalton’s law is about
gas pressures; it says that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture
Dalton’s law equation is
Ptotal= P1+ P2 + P3
Applications of Dalton’s law:
calculate the pressure of an unmeasured gas
calculate the total pressure of a gas mixture
convert partial pressure to volumes percent
convert volumes to partial pressure
What is the equation to convert a partial pressure to volumes percent with a liquid?
volume of solute/volume of solution x100
What is the equation to convert a partial pressure to volumes percent of a gas?
partial pressure/total pressure x 100
At sea level, the agent monitor measures the end-tidal isoflurane as 8 mmHg. Convert this to volumes percent.
8 mmHg/760 mmHg x100= 1%
What is the equation to convert volumes percent to a partial pressure?
partial pressure = (volumes %/ 100) x total pressure
At sea level the agent monitor measures the end-tidal sevoflurane as 2%. What is the partial pressure of sevoflurane in the exhaled tidal volume?
15.2 mmHg
Which component of the oxygen delivery equation is MOST affected by Henry’s law?
a. cardiac output
b. hemoglobin
c. arterial oxygen saturation
d. PaO2
PaO2
Henry’s law is about
gas solubility
Henry’s law states that at
a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution
Applications of Henry’s Law includes
anesthetic emergence is prolonged in the hypothermic patient
overpressuring the vaporizer
increasing the FiO2 increases the PaO2
Fick’s law of diffusion describes the
transfer rate of a gas through a tissue medium
Applications of Fick’s law include
cardiac output calculation
placental drug transfer
diffusion hypoxia
a patient with severe OCPD has a slower rate of inhalation induction
Graham’s law says that the
molecular weight of a gas determines how fast it can diffuse through a membrane
___________ molecules tend to diffuse faster than ________ molecules
smaller; larger
The higher the gas pressure the
more it will dissolve into a liquid
How does temperature affect solubility?
increased temperature decreases solubility
lower temperature increases solubility
What is the solubility coefficient of oxygen?
0.003 mL/dL/mmHg
What is the solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide?
0.067 mL/dL/mmHg
CO2 is ________times more soluble than O2
20x
What is the oxygen delivery equation?
Do2= Co x [(1.34 x Hgb x SpO2)] + (PaO2 x 0.003)] x 10
The rate of transfer of gas in directly proportional to
partial pressure difference (driving force)
diffusion coefficient (solubility)
membrane surface area
The rate of transfer of gas is inversely proportional to
membrane thickness
molecular weight
Applications of Graham’s law include
second gas effect- using N2O to hasten the onset of a volatile anesthetic (the second gas)
high fresh gas flow is turbulent as it passes through the annular space (determined by the gas’s density)
