Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Apex Review > Cellular communication 7 > Flashcards

Cellular communication 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Platelet aggregation is induced by ADP binding to

A

P2YRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ALL neuropeptides act on ____________ receptors and most often induce alterations in the _______________

A

metabotropic receptors; alteration in the excitability of postsynaptic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nitric oxide acts as a ___________________________ signaling molecule

A

autocrine and paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Generation of NO requires

A

NADPH
molecular oxygen
& is catalyzed by a family of oxygenases known as NO synthases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three families of nitric oxide synthase?

A

NOS1 also called cNOS or nNOS
NOS2 of iNOS
NOS3 also known as eNOS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

NOS1 & NOS3 are __________-dependent enzymes

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

NO effects depend on its

A

tissue concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

At low concentrations, NO functions as a

A

signaling molecule and interacts with a cytoplasmic receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At higher concentrations, NO exhibits

A

signaling effects by modifying proteins by nonenzymatic S-nitrosylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At even higher concentrations, _____________ effects of NO dominate

A

cytotoxic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

NO facilitates

A

sleep
contributes to normal feeding behavior
has a role in GI function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____________________ is an activity-dependent increase in synaptic efficacy

A

Long-term potentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_________________ is a decrease in synaptic efficacy due to prolonged “weak” stimulation of a synapse

A

Long-term depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are GTP and ATP classified as purines or pyrimidines?

A

purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What enzyme converts ATP to adenosine in the synaptic cleft?

A

ectonucleotidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are all neuropeptide receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

metabotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What signaling complex activates nNOS?

A

Ca2+/CaM (calmodulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cytosolic heme-containing enzyme is activated by NO?

A

soluble guanylyl cyclase (sCG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The receptor for insulin is a:
a. receptor guanylyl cyclase
b. receptor tyrosine kinase
c. tyrosine kinase-associated receptor
d. receptor serine/threonine kinase

A

b. receptor tyrosine kinase

20
Q

What are the five major categories of enzyme-linked receptors?

A

receptor guanylyl cyclases
receptor tyrosine kinases
tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
receptor serine/threonine kinases
receptor tyrosine phosphatases

21
Q

Receptor ________________- converts GTP to cGMP.

A

guanylyl cyclases

22
Q

______________ are the largest family of enzyme-linked receptors

A

receptor tyrosine kinases

23
Q

These are ligands to receptor tyrosine kinases:

A

insulin & growth factors

24
Q

Mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases are associated with

A

a wide variety of cancers

25
Q

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors do not have

A

intrinsic enzyme activity

26
Q

_______________________ are important mediators of cell growth and differentiation.

A

receptor serine/threonine kinases

27
Q

The following are ligands for receptor guanylyl cyclase:

A

ANP
BNP
CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide)

28
Q

___________________, a recombinant version of native natriuretic peptides, is used in the treatment of decompensated heart failure

A

Nesiritide

29
Q

The ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases are

A

hormones such as insulin and various growth factors

30
Q

The insulin receptor is present on most tissues, but the energy-storing tissues ________, _________, and ________ express higher levels of the receptor and have greater responses to insulin.

A

liver, muscle, & adipocytes

31
Q

Ligands with tyrosine kinase-associated receptors are

A

cytokines, including many interleukins, interferons, erythropoietin, growth hormone, prolactin, and leptin

32
Q

This receptor is associated with the JAK-STAT downstream receptor

A

tyrosine kinase-associated receptors

33
Q

This receptor is responsible for cell-differentiation

A

serine-threonine kinase receptors

34
Q

TGF-B is a ligand with this receptor

A

serine-threonine kinase receptors

35
Q

This is a leptin receptor

A

tyrosine kinase-associated receptors

36
Q

Which signaling molecules bind to nuclear receptors? (select 3)
a. acetylcholine
b. testosterone
c. vitamin D
d. erythropoietin
e. triiodothyronine
f. gamma-aminobutyric acid

A

b. testosterone
c. vitamin D
e. triiodothyronine

37
Q

Ligated (ligand-bound) nuclear receptor complexes are activated transcription factors that regulate the

A

expression of target genes in the DNA

38
Q

The intracellular receptor family includes receptors for

A

steroid hormones, prostaglandins, vitamin D, thyroid hormones, and retinoic acid

39
Q

____________ increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating futile cycles of catabolism and anabolism

A

thyroid hormones

40
Q

___________________ are activated transcription factors that bind in a highly specific manner to short DNA sequences called hormone response elements

A

Ligand-bound nuclear receptors

41
Q

The nuclear receptor family is classically divided into two subfamilies:

A

receptors for steroid hormones
receptors for retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D.

42
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are

A

homodimers

43
Q

Receptors for retinoic acid, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D form

A

heterodimers

44
Q

Which specific thyroid hormone occupies the most thyroid receptors in the euthyroid state?

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)

45
Q

The DNA-binding site for ligand-bound nuclear receptors is called a/n:

A

hormone response element

46
Q

An unoccupied cytoplasmic intracellular receptor is frequently complexed to a/n:

A

chaperone protein (heat shock protein)

47
Q

What syndrome is associated with congenital hypothyroidism?

A

cretinism

Apex Review (224 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions