Neonatal A&P Flashcards
Each vital sign is consistent with the term newborn EXCEPT:
a. heart rate 140 bpm
b. respiratory rate 40 bpm
c. systolic blood pressure 90 mmHg
d. diastolic blood pressure 40 mmHg
c. systolic BP 90 mmHg
The neonatal period encompasses the first _________ of life
28 days of life
The infant period lasts from
29 days to one year
Newborn BP is
70/40
Newborn RR is
40-60
Newborn HR is
140
1 year old BP is
95/60
1 year old HR is
120
1 year old RR is
40
3 year old BP is
100/65
3 year old HR is
100
3 year old RR is
30
12 year old BP is
110/70
12 year old HR is
80
12 year old RR is
20
Select the statements that MOST accurately reflect the CV system in the newborn. (select 2)
a. heart rate is the primary determinant of blood pressure
b. phenylephrine is a first-line treatment for hypotension
c. stress is more likely to activate the parasympathetic system
d. hypotension is defined as a systolic BP <70 mmHg
a. heart rate is the primary determinant of BP
c. stress is more likely to activate the parasympathetic nervous system
Neonates consume _______ as much oxygen and produce _______ as much CO2 than the adult on a weight-adjusted basis
2x; 2x
_________ is the primary determinant of cardiac output and systolic blood pressure in the neonate.
Heart rate
______ is relatively fixed in the neonate
stroke volume
The best way to support BP in the neonate is _________ because
increasing heart rate because of the non-compliant left ventricle sensitive to increased afterload
What is more mature in the neonate SNS or PNS?
PNS is more mature
Neonates respond to the stress of laryngoscopy with
bradycardia
Although the neonate has an immature SNS, ____ activates the SNS
pain
What predisposes the neonate to intracerebral hemorrhage?
hypertension
immature cerebral autoregulatory response
frail cerebral vasculature
It’s metabolically more efficient for neonates to increase _____________ than it is to increase ___________
respiratory rate; tidal volume
Do neonates have the frank-starling relationship?
yes, but it is underdeveloped
Hypotension is defined as _______ in the newborn
<60 mmHg
Hypotension is defined as _________ in the 1 year old
<70 mmHg
Hypotension is defined as _________ if patients older than 1 year
70+ (child’s age in years x2) mmHg
In the setting of hypovolemia and bradycardia, ______ is favored over ________
epinephrine over atropine
Do neonates have a baroreceptor reflex?
it is poorly developed and reflex fails to increase HR in the setting of hypovolemia
What is the normal tidal volume in a neonate?
6 ml/kg
Which statement MOST accurately describes the infant airway? (select 3)
a. glottic opening is positioned more cephalad
b. vocal cord position at C1-C2
C. C shaped epiglottis
d. epiglottis is floppy
e. right and left mainstem bronchi take off at same angle
f. vocal cords have anterior slant
a. glottic opening is positioned more cephalad
e. right and left mainstem bronchi take off at same angle
f. vocal cords have anterior slant
Describe the pediatric patients tongue.
large tongue relative to the volume of the mouth
vocal cords of the pediatric patient take on
an anterior slant
Describe the pediatric patient’s epiglottis
U or omega shape epiglottis that’s longer and stiffer
The laryngeal position of the pediatric patient is at
C3-C4
What is the narrowest fixed region of the airway in the pediatric patient?
cricoid ring
What is the narrowest dynamic region of the airway of the pediatric patient?
vocal cords
The subglottic airway shape in the pediatric patient is
funnel shaped
Infants up to 5 months of age are preferential
nose breathers
The mainstem right bronchus of the pediatric patient is
less vertical (takes off at 55 degreed from midline
Bilateral choanal atresia in the infant may require
emergency airway management if the infant is unable to mouth breathe
Infants/pediatric patients are more likely to obstruct the
upper airway due to the tongue being closer to soft palate
The anterior slant to the infants vocal cords makes it
more difficult to visualize and pass an ETT as it can get stuck in the anterior commissure
Resistance to ETT insertion beyond the vocal cords is likely at the
cricoid ring
What intubating position is recommended for infants?
head on bed with shoulder roll
The sniffing position in the infant will
place the glottic opening in a more anterior position
