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Apex Review > Chemistry and physics 3 > Flashcards

Chemistry and physics 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Bernoulli’s principle describes the relationship between

A

the pressure and velocity of a moving fluid (or gas)

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2
Q

If the fluid’s velocity is ________, then the pressure exerted on the walls of the tube will be _______

A

high; low

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3
Q

The Venturi effect is an application of the

A

Bernoulli principle

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4
Q

As airflow in a tube moves past the point of constriction, the pressure

A

at the constriction decreases (Bernoulli principle)

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5
Q

If the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then the air is

A

entrained into the tube (Venturi effect)

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6
Q

Clinical applications of the Venturi effect include

A

a jet ventilator
venturi mask
nebulizer

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7
Q

The Coanda effect describes how a

A

jet flow attaches itself to a nearby surface and continues to flow along that surface even when the surface curves away from the initial jet direction

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8
Q

A clinical example of the Coanda effect is a

A

wall-hugging jet of mitral regurgitation

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9
Q

When applied to the left ventricle, which variables are included in the law of Laplace? (select 2)
a. wall tension
b. wall thickness
c. transmural pressure
d. diameter

A

a. wall tension
b. wall thickness

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10
Q

In spheres and cylinders, the law of Laplace illustrates the relationship between the

A

wall tension
internal pressure
radius

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11
Q

The surface tension of a sphere equation is

A

tension= (pressure x radius)/ 2

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12
Q

Examples of surface tension of a sphere include

A

alveolus
cardiac ventricle
saccular aneurysm

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13
Q

The surface tension of a cylinder is

A

tension= pressure x radius

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14
Q

Examples of surface tension of a cylinder include

A

blood vessels, aortic aneurysm

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15
Q

Pressure is a ______ force

A

pushing force; it pushes the walls of the object apart

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16
Q

Tension is a ______ force

A

pulling force; it holds the walls of the object together

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17
Q

According to the law of Laplace, the tendency of an alveolus to collapse is ________ proportional to surface tension and ____________ proportional to alveolar radius

A

directly; indirectly

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18
Q

Wall stress is equal to

A

wall stress= (intraventricular pressure x radius) / ventricular thickness

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19
Q

When do type 2 pneumocytes begin producing surfactant?

A

22-26 weeks with peak production occurring at 35-36 weeks

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20
Q

The risk of ionizing radiation exposure to the anesthesia provider is:
a. directly proportional to the square of the distance of the source
b. directly proportional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source
c. inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
d. inversely proportional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source

A

c. inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

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21
Q

Ionizing radiation can remove _______ from atoms and this creates __________

A

electrons; free radicals

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22
Q

Risks of ionizing radiation exposure include

A

tissue injury
chromosomal damage
malignancy

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23
Q

Radiation exposure obeys the

A

inverse square law
it states that the amount of exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the source

24
Q

Most radiation exposure in the hospital is the result of

A

scattered x-rays (not direct exposure)

25
Q

What are the three ways to limit radiation exposure?

A

duration
distance
shielding

26
Q

The minimum safe distance from the radiation source in the OR is

A

6 feet

27
Q

The yearly maximum radiation exposure for adults is

A

5 rem

28
Q

The yearly maximum exposure for the fetus of a pregnant works is

A

0.5 rem or 0.05 rem/month

29
Q

In the non-pregnant person, the _____________ are most susceptible to injury from ionizing radiation

A

eye and thyroid

30
Q

In the pregnant person, the __________ is most vulnerable to injury

A

the fetus

31
Q

The _____- is how we quantify radiation exposure

A

roentgen (R)

32
Q

How can you quantify the amount of exposure at two different locations?

A

intensity 1/ intensity 2= distance 2^2/distance 1^2

33
Q

During a surgical procedure with fluoroscopy, the patient receives 40 mR at a distance of one foot from the radiation source. How much radiation will the anesthesia provider receive is she stands five feet from the radiation source?

A

1.6 mR

34
Q

Other methods to minimize radiation exposure include

A

do not stand in the x-ray beam’s path
minimize exposure time
lead apron
lead glasses
lead shields
use a dosimeter (on the shirt collar near the thyroid gland)

35
Q

List 6 locations where there’s an elevated risk for a CRNA to be exposed to ionizing radiation.

A

CT
nuclear medicine
anywhere where fluoroscopy is used
interventional radiology
cath lab
electrophysiology

36
Q

The number of calories required to convert one gram of liquid to vapor without a temperature change in the liquid is called the:
a. latent heat of vaporization
b. boiling point
c. critical temperature
d. specific

A

a. latent heat of vaporization

37
Q

____________- is the process where compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state at a temperature below its boiling point

A

Evaporation

38
Q

_______occurs when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure

A

Boiling

39
Q

__________- is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

A

Specific heat

40
Q

____________ is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase inside of a closed container

A

Vapor pressure

41
Q

___________________ is the number of calories required to convert 1 gram of liquid to vapor without a temperature change in the liquid

A

Latent heat of vaporization

42
Q

The Joule-Thompson effect explains why

A

an oxygen cylinder that is opened quickly feels cool to the touch

43
Q

_____________ is the highest temperature where a gas can exist as a liquid

A

Critical temperature

44
Q

Nitrous oxide and CO2 exists as liquids in an E cylinder because

A

their critical temperatures are above room temperature

45
Q

_______________ is the minimum pressure required to convert a gas to a liquid at its critical temperature

A

Critical pressure

46
Q

Evaporation can occur when vapor pressure is _________- atmospheric pressure

A

less than

47
Q

Boiling occurs when vapor pressure _______________ atmospheric pressure

A

equals

48
Q

Higher atmospheric pressure leads to

A

a higher boiling point

49
Q

Vapor pressure is directly proportional to

A

temperature

50
Q

Vaporization is the

A

process by which a liquid is converted to a gas. This requires energy (heat)

51
Q

What is adiabatic process?

A

describes a process that occurs without gain or loss of energy (heat)
Joule-Thompson effect is an example

52
Q

________________- is the highest temperature where a gas can exist as a liquid

A

Critical temperature

53
Q

What is the critical temperature of nitrous oxide?

A

36.5 degrees C (liquid in the cylinder at room temp)

54
Q

What is the critical temperature of CO2?

A

31 C (liquid in the cylinder at room temp

55
Q

What is the critical temperature of oxygen?

A

-119 C

56
Q

What is the critical temperature of air?

A

-140 C

57
Q

What is the critical temperature of nitrogen?

A

-147 C

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