Respiratory monitors and equipment Flashcards

1
Q

___________ is the force that acts opposite to the relative motion of an object.

A

Resistance

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2
Q

______________ is the ability of the lungs to stretch and expand.

A

Compliance

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3
Q

What are the type types of pulmonary compliance?

A

static compliance
dynamic compliance

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4
Q

What is static compliance?

A

assesses the pressure required to keep the lung inflated to a given volume when there is no air movement

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5
Q

What is dynamic compliance?

A

assesses the pressure required to inflate the lung to a given volume when there’s airflow

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6
Q

Dynamic compliance is impacted by

A

airway resistance and the tendency of the lung/chest to collapse

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7
Q

What is peak inspiratory pressure?

A

the maximum pressure in the patient’s airway during inspiration

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8
Q

What is plateau pressure?

A

the pressure in the small airways and alveoli after the traget tidal volume is achieved

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9
Q

We can evaluate the PIP and PP to determine if alterations in pulmonary mechanics are due to changes in __________ or __________

A

compliance or resistance

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10
Q

Increased resistance manifests as ___________ PIP with ____________ PP

A

increased; normal

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11
Q

Examples of increased resistance include

A

kinked endotracheal tube & bronchospasm

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12
Q

Decreased pulmonary compliance manifests as ________ PIP and _______ PP.

A

increased & increased

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13
Q

Examples of decreased pulmonary compliance include

A

endobronchial intubation and pulmonary edema

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14
Q

What is the resistance equation?

A

Resistance= [P(airway)-P(alveolar)]/gas flow rate

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15
Q

What is the compliance equation?

A

Compliance= delta V/delta P

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16
Q

Compliance measures the

A

elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall

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17
Q

Things that influence compliance include

A

muscle tone
degree of lung inflation
alveolar surface tension
amount of interstitial lung water
pulmonary fibrosis

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18
Q

In the adult, normal static compliance is

A

35-100 mL/cm H2O

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19
Q

In the child, normal static compliance is

A

> 15 mL/cm H2O

20
Q

What is the static compliance equation?

A

static compliance= tidal volume/ (plateau pressure-PEEP)

21
Q

What is the dynamic compliance equation?

A

dynamic compliance= tidal volume/(Peak inspiratory pressure-PEEP)

22
Q

Complications of an elevated plateau pressure include

A

ventilator associated lung injury, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema

23
Q

If barotrauma exists, you should aim to reduce plateau pressure by

A

reducing tidal volume, inspiratory flow & PEEP
sedation is also helpful

24
Q

Examples of increased resistance include

A

kinked endotracheal tube
endotracheal tube cuff herniation
bronchospasm
bronchial secretions
compression of the airway
foreign body aspiration

25
Q

Examples of decreased compliance include

A

endobronchial intubation
pulmonary edema
pleural effusion
tension pneumothorax
atelectasis
chest wall edema
abdominal insufflation
ascites
trendelenburg position
inadequate muscle relaxation

26
Q

If you have increased PIP with no change in PP

A

resistance has increased OR inspiratory flow rate has increased

27
Q

If you have increased PIP and increased PP

A

total compliance has decreased OR tidal volume has increased

28
Q

Capnography measures the

A

end-tidal CO2 concentration over time

29
Q

Capnography permits continuous assessment of

A

metabolism, circulation, and ventilation

30
Q

An increased alpha angle suggests

A

expiratory airway obstruction

31
Q

An increased beta angle suggests

A

rebreathing due to a faulty inspiratory valve

32
Q

There are two methods of carbon dioxide analysis:

A

mainstream (in-line)
sidestream (diverting)

33
Q

Where is end-tidal CO2 measured?

A

Point D on the capnograph

34
Q

Describe Phase 1 or A-B on a capnograph.

A

exhalation of anatomic dead space

35
Q

Describe phase 2 or B-C on a capnograph

A

exhalation of anatomic dead space + alveolar gas

36
Q

Describe phase III or C-D on a capnograph.

A

exhalation of alveolar gas

37
Q

Describe phase IV or D-E on a capnograph.

A

inspiration of fresh gas that does not contain CO2

38
Q

hat is a normal alpha angle

A

100-110 degrees

39
Q

The alpha angle is measured at

A

point C

40
Q

An increased alpha angle signifies

A

an expiratory airflow obstruction such as COPD, bronchospasm or a kinked endotracheal tube

41
Q

The beta angle is measured at

A

point D

42
Q

Normal beta angle is

A

90-degrees

43
Q

Benefits of a mainstream CO2 analysis include

A

provides a faster response time and doesn’t require a water trap or pumping mechanism

44
Q

Because mainstream CO2 analysis is attached to the endotracheal tube, it

A

increases apparatus dead space as well as adds extra weight

45
Q

With sidestream sampling, the device is located

A

outside of the airway

46
Q

Sidestream sampling requires

A

a water trap to prevent contamination of the device