Endocrine 4 Flashcards
_________ are bone cells that promote bone deposition
Osteoblasts
__________ are bone cells that promote bone resorption
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts add Ca2+ to the bone which
reduces the ionized Ca2+ concentration in the blood
Describe the process for decreased Ca2+ levels
parathyroid glands release PTH–> osteoclasts release Ca2+ from bone–> Ca2+ is reabsorbed by the kidneys–> Ca2+ absorption in the small intestine increases vitamin D synthesis–> Ca2+ level in blood increases
Describe the process for increased Ca2+ levels
thyroid gland releases calcitonin–> osteoclast activity is inhibited–> Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys decreases–> ca2+ level in blood decreases
After the parathyroid gland is removed, a decline in ________ indicates successful removal
PTH level
Signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include
hypotension
myocardial depression
long QT interval
tetany
seizures
paresthesias
muscle spasms
abdominal cramping
Signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism include
hypertension
short QT interval
confusion
lethargy
psychosis
bone pain
osteopenia
pathologic fractures
muscle weakness
anorexia
N/V
abdominal pain
peptic ulcer disease
pancreatitis
polyuria
polydipsia
kidney stones
Match each region of the adrenal gland with the class of hormones it produces:
zona glomerulosa
adrenal medulla
zona reticularis
zona fasciculata
androgens
catecholamines
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids
zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids
zona reticularis- androgens
adrenal medulla- catecholamines
The adrenal gland is divided into
the cortex and the medulla
The cortex synthesizes and releases 3 classes of steroids:
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
androgens (sex hormones)
The medulla synthesizes and releases 2 cathecolamines:
epinephrine (80%)
norepinephrine (20%)
Aldosterone release is caused by
RAAS activation
hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
Aldosterone stimulates the kidney to
conserve sodium and water and excrete potassium and hydrogen
_________ increases cortisol production
Stress
Increased cortisol initiates
gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, and fatty acid mobilization
Cortisol mitigates ____________ by reducing cytokine release
the inflammatory cascade
Cortisol imrpoves
myocardial performance