Pathoma - Nasopharynx, Larynx, Pulmonary Infections Flashcards
What is the most common cause of rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa)
Adenovirus
What are the 3 most common causes of nasal polyps
Repeated bouts of rhinitis
Cystic fibrosis
Aspirin-intolerant asthma
What is the triad in aspirin-intolerant asthma
(1) Asthma
(2) Aspirin-induced bronchospasm
(3) Nasal polyps
What is the benign tumor of the nasal mucosa
(Name, presentation, population)
Angiofibroma (benign tumor composed of large blood vessels and fibrous tissue)
Presents with diffuse epistaxis
Classically seen in adolescent males
What is the disease associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and what population is it seen in
EBV
African children and Chinese adults
Describe the biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells in a background of lymphocytes
Most common cause of epiglottitis
H. influenza type b
Presentation of acute epiglottitis
Fever, sore throat, drooling with dysphagia, muffled oice, inspiratory stridor, risk of airway obstruction
Most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis
Aka croup
Parainfluenza virus
Appearance of Singer’s nodule
Bilateral vocal nodules
Due to ‘wear and tear’
Histology of vocal cord nodule
Degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue
What is the cause of laryngeal papilloma
HPV 6 and 11
Presentation and histology of laryngeal papilloma
Single papilloma in adults; multiple in children
Histology include koilocytes (caused by HPV)
What type of cells are involved in laryngeal carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma arising from epithelial linin
In what situation do people develp pneumonia?
When the normal defenses are impaired (e.g. impaired cough reflex, damage to mucociliary escalator, or mucus plugging)
What are the 3 class presentations of pneumonia seen on X-ray
(1) Lobar pneumonia
(2) Bronchopneumonia - within the small airways
(3) Interstitial - connective tissue of the alveoli
Most common cause of lobar pneumonia?
Bacterial:
Strep pneumonia (95%)
Klebsiella pneumonia
In what patients do you usually see Klebseilla pneumonia, and how does it present?
Is due to aspiration of enteric flora so often seen in elderly and alcoholics
Currant jelly sputum
Describe the 4 gross phases of lobar pneumonia
(1) Congestion (due to dilated blood vessels)
(2) Red hepatization (due to exudate, neutrophils, and hemorrhage filling the alveolar air spaces) - see image
(3) Gray hepatization (due to degradation of red cells within the exudate)
(4) Resolution (via type II pneumocytes)
Most common causes of bronchopneumonia
Bacterial:
S. pneumoniae
S. aureus
H. Influenzae
Klebsiella
What is the presentation of interstitial (atypical) pneumonia
Mild URI symptoms and low fever (“walking pneumonia”)
Most comon causes of interstitial pneumonia?
Bacterial or viral:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia
Legionella
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Influenza virus
Describe the histology of interstitial pneumonia
Inflammation of alveolar walls, but not much inflammation within alveolar air sacs
Most common cause of aspiration pneumonia
Anaerobic bacteria:
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus
