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Review / Wrong Answers > Nutrition/Vitamins > Flashcards

Nutrition/Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for Vitamin A

A

Retinol

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2
Q

What are sources of Vitamin A?

A

Liver and leafy vegetables

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3
Q

What are some of the functions of Vitamin A

A
  • Antioxidant
  • Visual pigments
  • Prevents squamous metaplasia
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4
Q

What are some clinical uses for Vitamin A

A
  • Wrinkles
  • Acne
  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia
  • Measles
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5
Q

What are effects of Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness
  • Dry, scaly skin
  • Corneal degeneration
  • Bitot spots on conjunctiva
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6
Q

What are effects of acute Vitamin A toxicity

A

Nausea, vomiting, vertigo, blurred vision

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7
Q

What are effects of chronic Vitamin A toxicity?

A

Alopecia, dry skin, hepatic toxicity and enlargement, arthralgias, pseudotumor cerebri

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8
Q

What is isotretinoin and what are it’s contraindications?

A

Vitamin A derivative used to treat cystic acne

Vitamin A is teratogenic (cleft palate and cardiac abnormalities)

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9
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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10
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B1?

A

It is part of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is a cofactor for many dehydrogenase enzyme reactions:

  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase (links glycolysis to TCA cycle)
  • Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)
  • Transketolase (HMP shunt)
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11
Q

What is the effects of Vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Impaired glucose breakdown -> ATP depletion

Affects highly aerobic tissues first (e.g. brain and heart)

Diseases:

  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (triad: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia)
  • Dry beriberi (polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting)
  • Wet beriberi (high output cardiac failure - dilated cardiomyopathy, edema)
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12
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and what Vitamin deficiency is it caused by?

A

Associated with vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency and alcoholism

Damage to the mammilary bodies

Triad of symptoms:
("Wernicke problems come in a CAN of beer:")
C - confusion
A - ataxia
N - nystagmus (ophthalmoplegia)
Other symptoms:
Memory loss, personality changes
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13
Q

What is Beriberi what vitamin deficiency is it caused by?

A

Due to Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

Wet beriberi:
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Edema
Alcoholism or malnutrion

Dry beriberi:
Polyneuritis
Symmetrical muscle wasting

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14
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

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15
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B2?

A

Component of FAD, used as cofactor in redox reactions (e.g. succinate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle)

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16
Q

Effects of Riboflavin deficiency?

A

Riboflavin = Vitamin B2

  • Cheilosis (inflammation of the lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth)
  • Corneal vascularization

Think: RiboFLAVIN - things are flavorful when you get high
Flavor = V2 vagina = B2
Flavor = swelling/scaling of lips
High = red (vascularized) eyes

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17
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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18
Q

Function of Niacin? Clinical uses? Vitamins necessary for synthesis?

A

Niacin = Vitamin B3

Niacin is a constituent of NAD+ and NADP+

Used to treat dyslipidemia (lowers VLDL and raises HDL)

Derived from Tryptophan

B2 and B6 required for synthesis (think: 2 x 3 = 6)

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19
Q

Effects of Vitamin B3 deficiency?

A

Vitamin B3 = Niacin

Glossitis.

Pellagra (3 D’s):

  • Diarrhea
  • Dermatitis
  • Dementia
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20
Q

What is Hartnup Disease and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with?

A

Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive deficiency of neutral amino acids (e.g. tryptophan)

Vitamin B3 is derivative of tryptophan so Hartnup leads to Vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra - diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis)

21
Q

Effects of Vitamin B3 excess?

A

Facial flushing, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia

22
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic acid

23
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B5?

A

B5 = Pantothenic acid

Essential component of coenzyme A and fatty acid synthase

24
Q

Effects of Pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

Pantothenic acid = Vitamin B5

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

25
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

26
Q

What is the function of Pyridoxine?

A

Pyridoxine = Vitamin B6

Converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a cofactor used in transamination (ALT and AST) decarboxylation reactions

Synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin (B3), histamine, and NTs (5HT, epi, NE, DA, GABA)

27
Q

Effects of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sidereoblastic anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess

28
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B7?

A

Biotin (Think: Silky Seven - Biotin serum)

29
Q

What is the function of Biotin?

A

Biotin = B7

Cofactor in carboxylation enzymes:

  • Pyruvate carboxylase (TCA cycle - glycolysis)
  • Acetyl CoA carboxylase (Fatty acid synthesis)
  • Propionyl CoA carboxylase (lipolysis)
30
Q

Effects of Vitamin B7 deficiency?

A

Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis

Can be cause by excessive ingestion of egg whites

31
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B9?

A

Folate

32
Q

Source and function of folate?

A

Folate = Vitamin B9

Source: leafy greens
Absorbed in the jejunum
Some is stored in the liver (3-4 months store)

THF needed for methylation reactions

Important for the synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

33
Q

Effects of Vitamin B9 deficiency

A

B9 = Folate

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
Hypersegmented PMNs

No neuro symptoms (as opposed to vitamin B12 deficiency)

Labs:
Increased homocysteine
Normal methylmalonic acid (this will be abnormal in B12 deficiency)

34
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

35
Q

Source and causes of Cobalamin deficiency?

A

Cobalamin = B12

Found in animal products
Absorbed in the ileum

Deficiency caused by:

  • Malabsorption
  • Lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass)
  • absence of terminal ileum (surgical resection, Crohn’s)
  • veganism
36
Q

What are the effects of Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

B12 = Cobalamin

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
Hypersegmented PMNs

Abnormal myelin causes neuro symptoms (vs. B9 deficiency which has no neuro sx):
Paresthesias and subacute combined degeneration (degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tract, and spinocerebellar tracts)

Labs:
Increased homocysteine
Increased methylmalonic acid (vs. Folate deficiency which has normal methylmalonic acid)

37
Q

What is another name for Vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

38
Q

What is the function of ascorbic acid

A

Ascorbic acid = Vitamin C

Antioxidant

Facilitates iron absorption by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+

Necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis

Necessary for dopamine b-hydroxylase (DA to NE)

39
Q

Effects of Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy - swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, “corkscrew” hair

40
Q

Effects of ascorbic acid excess?

A

Nausea vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

Increased risk of iron toxicity

41
Q

Sources/Different forms of Vitamin D?

A

D2 = ergocalciferol (plants)

D3 = cholecalciferol (milk and sun)

25-OH D3 = storage form (formed in the liver via 25-hydroxylase)

1,25-(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol) = active form (formed in the kidney via 1-alpha-hydroxylase)

42
Q

Function of Vitamin D?

A

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

Increased bone mineralization at low levels

Increased bone resorption at high levels

43
Q

Effects of Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets in children (bone pain and deformity)

Osteomalacia in adults (bone pain and muscle weakness)

Hypocalcemic tetany

44
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant (protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage)

45
Q

Effects of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Hemolytic anemia, ancanthocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

Neuro presentation similar to B12 deficiency but without megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, or increased methylmalonic acid

46
Q

Source and Function of Vitamin K

A

Produced by intestinal flora

Activated by epoxide reductase in the liver

Cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors (2, 7, 9, 10, C, S)

47
Q

Effects of Vitamin K deficiency

A

Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and PTT, but normal bleeding time

48
Q

Malnutrition due to protein deficiency

  • Name
  • Presentation
A

Kwashiorkor

Presentation: 
Small child with swollen abdomen
MEAL
M - malnutrition
E - edema (due to decreased plasma oncotic pressure)
A - anemia
L - liver fatty
49
Q

Total caloric malnutrition

  • Name
  • Presentation
A

Marasmus

Presentation:
Emaciation (tissue and muscle wasting)

Review / Wrong Answers (140 decks)

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