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Review / Wrong Answers > Nutrition/Vitamins > Flashcards

Nutrition/Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for Vitamin A

A

Retinol

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2
Q

What are sources of Vitamin A?

A

Liver and leafy vegetables

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3
Q

What are some of the functions of Vitamin A

A
  • Antioxidant
  • Visual pigments
  • Prevents squamous metaplasia
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4
Q

What are some clinical uses for Vitamin A

A
  • Wrinkles
  • Acne
  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia
  • Measles
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5
Q

What are effects of Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness
  • Dry, scaly skin
  • Corneal degeneration
  • Bitot spots on conjunctiva
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6
Q

What are effects of acute Vitamin A toxicity

A

Nausea, vomiting, vertigo, blurred vision

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7
Q

What are effects of chronic Vitamin A toxicity?

A

Alopecia, dry skin, hepatic toxicity and enlargement, arthralgias, pseudotumor cerebri

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8
Q

What is isotretinoin and what are it’s contraindications?

A

Vitamin A derivative used to treat cystic acne

Vitamin A is teratogenic (cleft palate and cardiac abnormalities)

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9
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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10
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B1?

A

It is part of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is a cofactor for many dehydrogenase enzyme reactions:

  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase (links glycolysis to TCA cycle)
  • Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)
  • Transketolase (HMP shunt)
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11
Q

What is the effects of Vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Impaired glucose breakdown -> ATP depletion

Affects highly aerobic tissues first (e.g. brain and heart)

Diseases:

  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (triad: confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia)
  • Dry beriberi (polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting)
  • Wet beriberi (high output cardiac failure - dilated cardiomyopathy, edema)
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12
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and what Vitamin deficiency is it caused by?

A

Associated with vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency and alcoholism

Damage to the mammilary bodies

Triad of symptoms:
("Wernicke problems come in a CAN of beer:")
C - confusion
A - ataxia
N - nystagmus (ophthalmoplegia)
Other symptoms:
Memory loss, personality changes
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13
Q

What is Beriberi what vitamin deficiency is it caused by?

A

Due to Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

Wet beriberi:
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Edema
Alcoholism or malnutrion

Dry beriberi:
Polyneuritis
Symmetrical muscle wasting

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14
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

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15
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B2?

A

Component of FAD, used as cofactor in redox reactions (e.g. succinate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle)

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16
Q

Effects of Riboflavin deficiency?

A

Riboflavin = Vitamin B2

  • Cheilosis (inflammation of the lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth)
  • Corneal vascularization

Think: RiboFLAVIN - things are flavorful when you get high
Flavor = V2 vagina = B2
Flavor = swelling/scaling of lips
High = red (vascularized) eyes

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17
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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18
Q

Function of Niacin? Clinical uses? Vitamins necessary for synthesis?

A

Niacin = Vitamin B3

Niacin is a constituent of NAD+ and NADP+

Used to treat dyslipidemia (lowers VLDL and raises HDL)

Derived from Tryptophan

B2 and B6 required for synthesis (think: 2 x 3 = 6)

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19
Q

Effects of Vitamin B3 deficiency?

A

Vitamin B3 = Niacin

Glossitis.

Pellagra (3 D’s):

  • Diarrhea
  • Dermatitis
  • Dementia
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20
Q

What is Hartnup Disease and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with?

A

Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive deficiency of neutral amino acids (e.g. tryptophan)

Vitamin B3 is derivative of tryptophan so Hartnup leads to Vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra - diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis)

21
Q

Effects of Vitamin B3 excess?

A

Facial flushing, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia

22
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic acid

23
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B5?

A

B5 = Pantothenic acid

Essential component of coenzyme A and fatty acid synthase

24
Q

Effects of Pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

Pantothenic acid = Vitamin B5

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

25
What is another name for Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
26
What is the function of Pyridoxine?
Pyridoxine = Vitamin B6 Converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a cofactor used in transamination (ALT and AST) decarboxylation reactions Synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin (B3), histamine, and NTs (5HT, epi, NE, DA, GABA)
27
Effects of Vitamin B6 deficiency?
Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sidereoblastic anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess
28
What is another name for Vitamin B7?
Biotin (Think: Silky Seven - Biotin serum)
29
What is the function of Biotin?
Biotin = B7 Cofactor in carboxylation enzymes: - Pyruvate carboxylase (TCA cycle - glycolysis) - Acetyl CoA carboxylase (Fatty acid synthesis) - Propionyl CoA carboxylase (lipolysis)
30
Effects of Vitamin B7 deficiency?
Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis Can be cause by excessive ingestion of egg whites
31
What is another name for Vitamin B9?
Folate
32
Source and function of folate?
Folate = Vitamin B9 Source: leafy greens Absorbed in the jejunum Some is stored in the liver (3-4 months store) THF needed for methylation reactions Important for the synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
33
Effects of Vitamin B9 deficiency
B9 = Folate Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia Hypersegmented PMNs No neuro symptoms (as opposed to vitamin B12 deficiency) Labs: Increased homocysteine Normal methylmalonic acid (this will be abnormal in B12 deficiency)
34
What is another name for Vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
35
Source and causes of Cobalamin deficiency?
Cobalamin = B12 Found in animal products Absorbed in the ileum Deficiency caused by: - Malabsorption - Lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass) - absence of terminal ileum (surgical resection, Crohn's) - veganism
36
What are the effects of Vitamin B12 deficiency
B12 = Cobalamin Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia Hypersegmented PMNs Abnormal myelin causes neuro symptoms (vs. B9 deficiency which has no neuro sx): Paresthesias and subacute combined degeneration (degeneration of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tract, and spinocerebellar tracts) Labs: Increased homocysteine Increased methylmalonic acid (vs. Folate deficiency which has normal methylmalonic acid)
37
What is another name for Vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
38
What is the function of ascorbic acid
Ascorbic acid = Vitamin C Antioxidant Facilitates iron absorption by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+ Necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis Necessary for dopamine b-hydroxylase (DA to NE)
39
Effects of Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy - swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, "corkscrew" hair
40
Effects of ascorbic acid excess?
Nausea vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis Increased risk of iron toxicity
41
Sources/Different forms of Vitamin D?
D2 = ergocalciferol (plants) D3 = cholecalciferol (milk and sun) 25-OH D3 = storage form (formed in the liver via 25-hydroxylase) 1,25-(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol) = active form (formed in the kidney via 1-alpha-hydroxylase)
42
Function of Vitamin D?
Increased intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate Increased bone mineralization at low levels Increased bone resorption at high levels
43
Effects of Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets in children (bone pain and deformity) Osteomalacia in adults (bone pain and muscle weakness) Hypocalcemic tetany
44
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant (protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage)
45
Effects of Vitamin E deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia, ancanthocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination Neuro presentation similar to B12 deficiency but without megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, or increased methylmalonic acid
46
Source and Function of Vitamin K
Produced by intestinal flora Activated by epoxide reductase in the liver Cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors (2, 7, 9, 10, C, S)
47
Effects of Vitamin K deficiency
Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and PTT, but normal bleeding time
48
Malnutrition due to protein deficiency - Name - Presentation
Kwashiorkor ``` Presentation: Small child with swollen abdomen MEAL M - malnutrition E - edema (due to decreased plasma oncotic pressure) A - anemia L - liver fatty ```
49
Total caloric malnutrition - Name - Presentation
Marasmus Presentation: Emaciation (tissue and muscle wasting)

Review / Wrong Answers (140 decks)

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