DIT reveiw - Micro 8 Flashcards
What are the subtypes of Filovirus
-
Ebola virus and Marburg Virus
- = Marburg and eGOOOOALA
Presentation of Filovirus
- Infected w/ filovirus and demonstrating hemorrhagic fever, petechial rash
- à Goalie with jersey red spots (rash) and sweaty (fever)
-
Hemorrhagic fever
- à Guy on ground surrounded by pool of blood
-
End organ failure
- à Kidneys and liver shaped blood spots
- Fatal – severe blood loss leading to hypovolemic shock (can occur within days)
- à player is dead
- à lightning bolt on shirt (hemorrhagic/hypovolemic shock)
Presentation of Hantavirus
Subtype of Bunyavirus
- Hemorrhagic fever
- Pneumonia
- May end in respiratory failure
- Spread by aerosolized mouse urine
Describe general characteristics of Arenavirus
- (-)ssRNA
- 2 segments
- Rodent reservoir
- Causes lymhocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCV)
What are the subtypes of Reovirus
Rotavirus
Colorado tick fever
Descrieb presentation and toxin associated with rotavirus
- Fecal-oral transmission
- Fatal diarrhea in children worldwide
- Outbreaks occur in winter months, especially in day care centers
- NSP4 toxin increases chloride permeability leading to secretory diarrhea
Describe presentation of Colorado tick virus
- Colorado tick fever
- Spread by woodtick
- Acute, self-limited flu-like illness (fever, vomiting, myalgias)
MOA of interferons
- Are host cytokines that exert antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative effects
- Interleukins upregulate interferon synthesis in infected cells
Uses of interferon alpha
- Hepatitis B and C infections
- Hairy cell leukemia
- Malignant melanoma
- Kaposi sarcoma caused by HHV8
- Condyloma accuminata caused by HPV
- Renal cell carcicoma
Uses of Interferon beta
- Multiple sclerosis
Uses of interferon gamma
- Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Adverse effects of interferons
- Flu-like symptoms, depression, myelosuppression, myopathy
What are the drugs used to treat hepatitis C
Interferon alpha
Ribavirin
Sofosbuvir
Simeprevir
MOA, uses, and adverse effects of Ribavirin
- MOA:
- Guanosine analog
- Must be tri-phosphorylated intracellularly before becoming active
- Inhibits synthesis of guanine via competitive inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase
- Guanosine analog
- Uses:
- Chronic hepatitis C (daily dosage)
- RSV
- Adverse effects:
- Hemolytic anemia
- Severe teratogen
MOA, uses, and adverse effects of Sofosbuvir
- MOA:
- Nucleoside analog
- Inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- Uses:
- Chronic hepatitis C
- Used in combo with Ribavirin +/- interferon alpha
- Do not use as monotherapy
- Chronic hepatitis C
- Adverse effects:
- Fatigue, HA, nausea
MOA, uses, and adverse effects of Simeprevir
- MOA:
- HCV (NS3/4A) protease inhibitor
- Prevents viral replication
- Uses:
- Chronic hepatitis C
- Used in combo with Ledipasvir (NS5A inhibitor)
- Do not use as monotherapy
- Chronic hepatitis C
- Adverse effects:
- Photosensitivity
- Rash
- CYP450 inhibitor
What are the 3 structural genes of HIV and what proteins does each encode for
- pol:
- Reverse transcriptase
- Integrase
- Protease
- gag:
- p24
- p17
- env:
- gp120
- gp41
Describe the functions of reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease encoded by pol
- Reverse transcriptase = synthesizes dsDNA from RNA
- Integrase = integrates viral DNA into host genome
- Protease = cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts
Describe the functions of p24 and p17 encoded by gag
- p24 = capsid directly surrounding viral DNA
- p17 = matrix surrounding the capsid
Describe the functions of gp120 and gp41 encoded by env
- gp120 = glycoprotein on membrane surface that binds to CD4+ of host
- Binding leads to a conformational change so that virus can also bind a coreceptor on the host
- CCR5 on macrophages (early infection)
- CXCR4 on T-cells (late infection)
- Binding leads to a conformational change so that virus can also bind a coreceptor on the host
- gp41 = transmembrane glycoprotein that allows fusion and entry into host
Describe the tests used to diagnose HIV
- ELISA (use first)
- High sensitivity (rule out test)
- Captures all positive tests, but includes a lot of false positives
- Western blot (use on those who got + ELISA)
- High specificity (rule in test)
- Low false positive (but on its own, would have had high false negative)