Module 8-rice Flashcards
how many people is rice a staple food for
ice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food to half of the world’s population
where is rice native to
Rice is native to China
how long ago was rice first cultivated
it was first cultivated over ten thousand years ago
how many main subspecies of rice is there
two
what are the two subspecies of rice
two main subspecies of rice, indica and japonica, that are descendants of Oryza rufipogon, the ancestral species of all Asian rices
how did rice make its way through the world
From China, the domesticated rice moved to western India and Sri Lanka; later it was carried to Greece and other Mediterranean countries and then to other locations in southern Europe and northern Africa
what did asian rice do to african wild rice
Asian rice supplanted most of the indigenous African rice (Oryza glaberrima) that was domesticated in Africa
how is African rice cultivated
African rice is still cultivated in limited quantities
when was rice brought over to brazil and introduced to south america
In the sixteenth century, Portuguese explorers brought rice to Brazil and Spaniards introduced it to Central and South America
what happened to the rice in brazil once Chinese rice was brought over
The imported rice replaced the indigenous rice that had been domesticated in Brazil
where was the earliest records of rice in North America
In North America, the earliest records of rice production show it being produced in coastal lowland and island areas of what is now South Carolina
when was rice successfully produced in California and Australia
It was not until the twentieth century that rice was successfully produced in California and Australia
where is 90% or rice produced today
Regardless of the many places where rice is cultivated, more than ninety percent of the world’s rice crop today is grown in China, India, Indonesia and Bangladesh
what are some challenges of rice production
Rice cultivation is labour intensive and requires a great deal of water
how is most rice used today
The vast majority of rice is consumed directly as food; some by-products from rice processing are incorporated into animal feeds and traditional farmers sometimes include rice in livestock diets.
how many varieties of rice is there throughout out the world
There are forty thousand varieties of rice grown throughout the world displaying a wealth of colours and flavours
how can rice varieties be classified
Rice varieties can be classified as long, medium and short grained on the basis of their cooked length-to-width ratio.
describe long-grained rice
Long-grain rice is about four to five times as long as it is wide
describe medium-grained rice
medium-grain rice is two to three times longer than it is wide
describe short-grained rice
short-grain rice is barely wider than it is long
how do the classes differ
The classes of rice differ in cooking qualities and the texture of the cooked product
what causes the difference in texture of rice
Differences in texture are the result of differences in the proportion of amylose and amylopectin, the two starches in rice
is long grain rice high in amylose? does it stick together when cooked?
Long-grain rice is high in amylose and does not stick together when cooked
what is amylose
Amylose retards starch digestion and is considered a type of healthy fibre
what is the amount of amylose in medium-grained rice
The amylose in medium-grain rice ranges from twelve to nineteen percent making it less starchy than long-grain rice
how much amylopectin does short-grained rice contain. how sticky is it
Short grain rice has a higher proportion of amylopectin than medium- and long-grain rice amylopectin and, therefore, it is the most sticky of the rice classes
when cooked what is the most sticky sized rice grain
short-grained rice
how else can rice be categorized
Rice can also be categorized by husk and bran colour into red, green, violet, black and brown varieties
how is coloured rices sold
Coloured varieties are sold with the bran intact to retain the colour and the additional nutrients contained within the bran.
where is Canadian wild rice harvested
Canadian wild rice (Zinzania aquatica and Zinzania palustris) is harvested from an indigenous Canadian cereal grass that grows in marshlands and along waterways from Manitoba to the Atlantic Ocean
what is the only cereal crop native to Canada
Canadian wild rice is the only cereal grain native to Canada
is Canadian wild rice related to Asian rice
no its unrelated to Asian rice
how long has canadian wild ricce been harvested for
Wild rice has been harvested in the Great Lakes region for thousands of years and is a significant part of the historical diet and culture of the Mississauga Nishnaabeg First Nations, the Algonkian and the Siouan
what is the nutritional value of Canadian wild rice
Canadian wild rice has a nutty taste and a chewy texture and is high in protein, 100 g of wild rice will supply thirty percent of daily protein requirements
is Canadian wild rice native to Saskatchewan
Canadian wild rice is not indigenous to Saskatchewan
why and when was Canadian wild rice introduced to Saskatchewan
it was introduced into the province in the 1930s to provide food for muskrats valued by the trapping industry
now how is Canadian wild rice production in Saskatchewan going
The Saskatchewan wild rice industry began to flourish in the late 1970s and Saskatchewan now produces a significant proportion of the Canadian wild rice cultivated in Canada
how is rice production in flooded fields bad for the environment
Rice production in flooded fields produces more than ten percent of global annual methane emissions and water use is high.
why is rice so important for many peoples nutrition
rice supplies sixteen to twenty percent of the calories consumed by humans and half a billion people get most of their calories from rice
what practices of rice production can lead to air pollution
Rice residues left in a rice paddy after the rice is harvested are often burned causing air pollution or incorporated into the soil causing the release of methane and nitrous oxide
how are we trying to mitigate the effects of rice cultivation and increase income for farmers
An attempt to find new uses for rice straw and husks is being made to generate additional income for rice farmers and mitigate the effects of rice cultivation
what is the rice kernal
The rice kernel is a covered caryopsis, the hull is easily removed by impact or rubbing
how is paddy rice harvested
Paddy rice is harvested with the hull intact
what yields brow rice
Dehulling, removal of glumes (lemma and palea), yields brown rice with increased palatability and less fibre
how is white rice made
Brown rice is abrasion-milled and polished to produce white polished rice and fines
what are the characteristics of a rice kernel
The rice kernel is smaller than wheat, has no ventral crease and has a hard, quartz-like texture
how does rice compare to wheat
The rice grain is lower in protein than wheat and its flour does not have good dough-forming properties
is rice an option for people who are gluten free
Rice is gluten-free and rice flour is an option for people with celiac disease or gluten intolerance.
