module 4-poultry production

Question 1

how does the Canadian poultry industry operate

Answer 1

a supply-managed system with producers purchasing “Quota” for poultry meat or eggs

Question 2

when was the supply-managed system introduced in Canada

Answer 2

1972

Question 3

what is the purpose of the supply-managed system

Answer 3

stabilizes the price for producers and consumers and ensures supply for processors

Question 4

what is included in the poultry supply management in Canada

Answer 4

supply of eggs, broiler chickens, and turkeys

Question 5

how popular is chicken meat for consumption

Answer 5

it is the most popular meat sold in Canada

Question 6

per capita how much has the demand for poultry risen in the last twenty years

Answer 6

by 50%

Question 7

what are the top 3 poultry producing provences

Answer 7

1) Ontario 2) Quebec 3) BC

Question 8

what size are chicken operations usually

Answer 8

they are usually larger-scale operations

Question 9

whats the average amount of chicken a farm will produce

Answer 9

In 2018, the average chicken farm produced over 435,000 kg of eviscerated chicken meat

Question 10

what was the total weight of chickens produced

Answer 10

the total Canadian production for the year was 1.3 billion kg. In addition to exporting 123.5 million kg of chicken meat, Canada exported 5.7 million chicks in 2018.

Question 11

how many registered egg farms are in Canada

Answer 11

In 2017, there were 1,059 registered egg farms in Canada

Question 12

where does the egg quota go

Answer 12

The majority of the federal egg quota is allocated to Ontario with 41.1% of the national egg quota. Quebec with 17% of the national quota. The combined quota of the western provinces and the North West territories is 31.5% of the national total with most of this quota going to British Columbia. The Atlantic provinces have 11% of the national egg quota.

Question 13

does the Canadian poultry trade do much international trade

Answer 13

Canadian poultry industry engages in relatively little international trade. Overall, Canada is a net importer of poultry with net trade deficits in live birds, meat, and eggs

Question 14

what are the two sections of the poultry industry

Answer 14

the broiler sector producing birds for meat and the egg sector producing eggs. The two sectors are under different supply management regulations and the quota is designated as broiler or egg quota.

Question 15

what was the discovery they made the poultry revolution

Answer 15

discovered that newly identified feed supplements with vitamins (particularly vitamin D) and minerals could be used to feed chickens indoors over the winter months; thus began the modern poultry production revolution.

Question 16

when was the poultry revolution

Answer 16

1923

Question 17

what was it like to raise and get chickens before the revolution

Answer 17

chicks obtained in the spring were grown over the summer season and butchered for meat in the fall; only breeding stock was overwintered. Most chickens were raised outdoors during the warmer summer months surviving on what they could forage which was supplemented with occasional kitchen scraps, waste products and grain. They may have had access to the livestock barns or a coop where they could shelter overnight. The chickens had a low rate of survival with mortality running at forty percent. During that time, chicken meat and eggs were considered delicacies

Question 18

what was the mortality rate of chickens before the poultry revolution

Answer 18

The chickens had a low rate of survival with mortality running at forty percent

Question 19

what is the broiler industry comprised of

Answer 19

broiler breeders, hatcheries, grow-out farms, and processing facilities

Question 20

what are broiler breeders

Answer 20

they select stock used to produce the eggs for the chickens that will become broilers

Question 21

what is the production cycle of a broiler breeder and how many eggs do they produce per hen

Answer 21

35 to 40-week production cycle and 145 to 150 eggs/hen

Question 22

what is the hatchery portion of the broiler industry

Answer 22

fertilized eggs are incubated for about 21 days until they hatch to become broiler chicks

Question 23

when are hatchlings move out of the hatchery

Answer 23

within 48 hours

Question 24

what is the grow-out portion of the broiler industry

Answer 24

recently hatched chicks are fed and managed in large indoor facilities until they are ready for slaughter

Question 25

explain the breeding portion of broilers

Answer 25

Broiler breeders rear newly hatched chicks in sex-segregated barns until they reach breeding age. At breeding age, the females and males are moved into breeding barns. The average age for first egg is 26 weeks, males are capable of producing fertile sperm at 22 weeks of age. Eggs are gathered several times a day and transported to hatcheries where they are hatched into broiler chicks. The purpose of broiler breeder operations is to maximize the production of quality fertilized eggs. Management of broiler breeders involves careful control of their diet to avoid their becoming too large which negatively impacts reproductive performance. Maintaining optimum breeding body weight is a challenge in chickens genetically designed for maximum growth rate. Management also involves timing of photostimulation as egg production is initiated in response to increasing hours of light. The correct timing of photostimulation is essential to maximize the number of fertilized eggs produced by the chicken. Hens should produce 145 to 150 eggs during their 35 to 40 week laying period.

Question 26

explain how broilers care for incubated eggs

Answer 26

The eggs are kept in incubators maintained at the optimum temperature and humidity for chick development; the eggs are automatically turned gently at regular intervals

Question 27

how many chicks does the average Canadian grow out operation receive

Answer 27

36,000 chicks at a time

Question 28

what weight are grow out chickens slaughtered

Answer 28

slaughter weight of two to three kg at 34 to 45 days of age

Question 29

how old do most Canadian chickens reach slaughter weight

Answer 29

34 to 45 days of age

Question 30

in 1925 how long did it take a broiler chicken to reach market weight? what was the feed conversion? and mortality rate?

Answer 30

In 1925, it took a broiler chicken 112 days to reach a market weight of 1.1 kg; feed conversion was 4.7 kg of feed to 1 kg of live broiler. the mortality rate was 18%

Question 31

today how long does it take a broiler chicken to reach market weight? What’s the feed conversion? and mortality rate?

Answer 31

Today’s broiler chicken reaches a market weight of 3 kg in 47 days and consumes 1.8 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of live weight. the mortality rate is 5%

Question 32

what has caused such a decrease in time to slaughter

Answer 32

Genetic selection for increased rate of gain and a focus on increasing the proportion of breast meat have been the primary determinants in the decreased time to slaughter age

Question 33

how many chickens can you raise in Canada with out quota

Answer 33

farmers can raise up to 999 broilers without quota

Question 34

what facility does egg production begin

Answer 34

at breeding farms

Question 35

what is the purpose of egg breeder farms

Answer 35

to produce fertilized eggs that will be incubated and hatched out to become egg layers

Question 36

what happens to male chicks at egg breeding farms

Answer 36

Male chicks from the breeder farms are destroyed

Question 37

what happens to female chicks at egg breeding farms

Answer 37

Female chicks are removed to pullet farms where they will be cared for until they are ready to go to the laying barns at eighteen to twenty weeks of age

Question 38

how long are hens in the laying barn

Answer 38

The hens will remain in the laying barn for 52 to 60 weeks

Question 39

how many eggs do laying hens produce a year

Answer 39

320 eggs per year

Question 40

why are battery cages beneficial

Answer 40

Battery cages provided a means of housing laying hens that was more economical with higher stocking densities, increased the productivity of the hens, reduced the incidence of cannibalism, the risk of coccidiosis and the levels of dust and ammonia inside the facilities

Question 41

in Canada how many laying chickens can be found in battery cages

Answer 41

two-thirds of egg-laying hens in Canada remain housed in battery cages

Question 42

when is the phase-out of battery cages for layer expected

Answer 42

The phase-out is scheduled to be completed by 2036.

Question 43

when did battery cages come in to use

Answer 43

in the 1930s

Question 44

how many hens does a battery cage hold

Answer 44

6 to 10 hens

Question 45

how many minerals and protein do two eggs have in it

Answer 45

two eggs provide thirteen gm of protein and fourteen essential vitamins and minerals

Question 46

what can adding flaxseed to a chickens diet do

Answer 46

Chickens can be fed flaxseed to boost the omega-3 fatty acid content of their eggs

Question 47

how much omega 3 do omega 3 eggs contain

Answer 47

omega-3 eggs contain approximately 100 mg omega-3, about four times what is found in a regular egg

Question 48

why are eggs so important in poor countries

Answer 48

Eggs constitute the major source of animal protein for the poorest twenty percent of the world

Question 49

when is quota required for people selling eggs

Answer 49

for people with more then 299 laying hens