module 4-poultry production Flashcards
how does the Canadian poultry industry operate
a supply-managed system with producers purchasing “Quota” for poultry meat or eggs
when was the supply-managed system introduced in Canada
1972
what is the purpose of the supply-managed system
stabilizes the price for producers and consumers and ensures supply for processors
what is included in the poultry supply management in Canada
supply of eggs, broiler chickens, and turkeys
how popular is chicken meat for consumption
it is the most popular meat sold in Canada
per capita how much has the demand for poultry risen in the last twenty years
by 50%
what are the top 3 poultry producing provences
1) Ontario 2) Quebec 3) BC
what size are chicken operations usually
they are usually larger-scale operations
whats the average amount of chicken a farm will produce
In 2018, the average chicken farm produced over 435,000 kg of eviscerated chicken meat
what was the total weight of chickens produced
the total Canadian production for the year was 1.3 billion kg. In addition to exporting 123.5 million kg of chicken meat, Canada exported 5.7 million chicks in 2018.
how many registered egg farms are in Canada
In 2017, there were 1,059 registered egg farms in Canada
where does the egg quota go
The majority of the federal egg quota is allocated to Ontario with 41.1% of the national egg quota. Quebec with 17% of the national quota. The combined quota of the western provinces and the North West territories is 31.5% of the national total with most of this quota going to British Columbia. The Atlantic provinces have 11% of the national egg quota.
does the Canadian poultry trade do much international trade
Canadian poultry industry engages in relatively little international trade. Overall, Canada is a net importer of poultry with net trade deficits in live birds, meat, and eggs
what are the two sections of the poultry industry
the broiler sector producing birds for meat and the egg sector producing eggs. The two sectors are under different supply management regulations and the quota is designated as broiler or egg quota.
what was the discovery they made the poultry revolution
discovered that newly identified feed supplements with vitamins (particularly vitamin D) and minerals could be used to feed chickens indoors over the winter months; thus began the modern poultry production revolution.
when was the poultry revolution
1923
what was it like to raise and get chickens before the revolution
chicks obtained in the spring were grown over the summer season and butchered for meat in the fall; only breeding stock was overwintered. Most chickens were raised outdoors during the warmer summer months surviving on what they could forage which was supplemented with occasional kitchen scraps, waste products and grain. They may have had access to the livestock barns or a coop where they could shelter overnight. The chickens had a low rate of survival with mortality running at forty percent. During that time, chicken meat and eggs were considered delicacies
what was the mortality rate of chickens before the poultry revolution
The chickens had a low rate of survival with mortality running at forty percent
what is the broiler industry comprised of
broiler breeders, hatcheries, grow-out farms, and processing facilities
what are broiler breeders
they select stock used to produce the eggs for the chickens that will become broilers
what is the production cycle of a broiler breeder and how many eggs do they produce per hen
35 to 40-week production cycle and 145 to 150 eggs/hen
what is the hatchery portion of the broiler industry
fertilized eggs are incubated for about 21 days until they hatch to become broiler chicks
when are hatchlings move out of the hatchery
within 48 hours
what is the grow-out portion of the broiler industry
recently hatched chicks are fed and managed in large indoor facilities until they are ready for slaughter
explain the breeding portion of broilers
Broiler breeders rear newly hatched chicks in sex-segregated barns until they reach breeding age. At breeding age, the females and males are moved into breeding barns. The average age for first egg is 26 weeks, males are capable of producing fertile sperm at 22 weeks of age. Eggs are gathered several times a day and transported to hatcheries where they are hatched into broiler chicks. The purpose of broiler breeder operations is to maximize the production of quality fertilized eggs. Management of broiler breeders involves careful control of their diet to avoid their becoming too large which negatively impacts reproductive performance. Maintaining optimum breeding body weight is a challenge in chickens genetically designed for maximum growth rate. Management also involves timing of photostimulation as egg production is initiated in response to increasing hours of light. The correct timing of photostimulation is essential to maximize the number of fertilized eggs produced by the chicken. Hens should produce 145 to 150 eggs during their 35 to 40 week laying period.
explain how broilers care for incubated eggs
The eggs are kept in incubators maintained at the optimum temperature and humidity for chick development; the eggs are automatically turned gently at regular intervals
how many chicks does the average Canadian grow out operation receive
36,000 chicks at a time
what weight are grow out chickens slaughtered
slaughter weight of two to three kg at 34 to 45 days of age
how old do most Canadian chickens reach slaughter weight
34 to 45 days of age
in 1925 how long did it take a broiler chicken to reach market weight? what was the feed conversion? and mortality rate?
In 1925, it took a broiler chicken 112 days to reach a market weight of 1.1 kg; feed conversion was 4.7 kg of feed to 1 kg of live broiler. the mortality rate was 18%
today how long does it take a broiler chicken to reach market weight? What’s the feed conversion? and mortality rate?
Today’s broiler chicken reaches a market weight of 3 kg in 47 days and consumes 1.8 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of live weight. the mortality rate is 5%
what has caused such a decrease in time to slaughter
Genetic selection for increased rate of gain and a focus on increasing the proportion of breast meat have been the primary determinants in the decreased time to slaughter age
how many chickens can you raise in Canada with out quota
farmers can raise up to 999 broilers without quota
what facility does egg production begin
at breeding farms
what is the purpose of egg breeder farms
to produce fertilized eggs that will be incubated and hatched out to become egg layers
what happens to male chicks at egg breeding farms
Male chicks from the breeder farms are destroyed
what happens to female chicks at egg breeding farms
Female chicks are removed to pullet farms where they will be cared for until they are ready to go to the laying barns at eighteen to twenty weeks of age
how long are hens in the laying barn
The hens will remain in the laying barn for 52 to 60 weeks
how many eggs do laying hens produce a year
320 eggs per year
why are battery cages beneficial
Battery cages provided a means of housing laying hens that was more economical with higher stocking densities, increased the productivity of the hens, reduced the incidence of cannibalism, the risk of coccidiosis and the levels of dust and ammonia inside the facilities
in Canada how many laying chickens can be found in battery cages
two-thirds of egg-laying hens in Canada remain housed in battery cages
when is the phase-out of battery cages for layer expected
The phase-out is scheduled to be completed by 2036.
when did battery cages come in to use
in the 1930s
how many hens does a battery cage hold
6 to 10 hens
how many minerals and protein do two eggs have in it
two eggs provide thirteen gm of protein and fourteen essential vitamins and minerals
what can adding flaxseed to a chickens diet do
Chickens can be fed flaxseed to boost the omega-3 fatty acid content of their eggs
how much omega 3 do omega 3 eggs contain
omega-3 eggs contain approximately 100 mg omega-3, about four times what is found in a regular egg
why are eggs so important in poor countries
Eggs constitute the major source of animal protein for the poorest twenty percent of the world
when is quota required for people selling eggs
for people with more then 299 laying hens
