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AGRC 112 - Animal Agriculture & Food Science > Module 2-Domesticated livestock > Flashcards

Module 2-Domesticated livestock Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in the pathway to domestication

A

raising animals in captivity and controlling reproduction to select animals of the desired phenotype

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2
Q

What is introgressive domestication

A

it’s a slower process because it permits the mating of captive animals with the wild populations from which they were derived. The beginning of domestication is often accompanied by a lengthy period during which mating with wild populations continues. Ie reindeer

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3
Q

What is the commensal pathway

A

whereby populations of wild animals are initially attracted to human camps or settlements by the presence of human food and waste and smaller animals seduced by the presence of human food and waste

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4
Q

What does synanthropes domestication mean

A

Animal populations lured by the resources surrounding humans and maintaining their existence near human habitats

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5
Q

Explain how the commensal path way works

A

it takes animals from a stage where they are attracted to areas populated by humans through becoming habituated to the presence of humans and the development of a commensal relationship where one species benefits from the presence of a second species with no consequences to the second species

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6
Q

What pathway was the dog domesticated

A

the commensal pathway

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7
Q

How were most livestock domesticated

A

the prey pathway

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8
Q

How does the prey pathway work

A

populations of wild animals that were a prey species for humans were gradually brought into captivity and subjected to reproductive management that directed their evolution towards traits desired by the humans controlling them

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9
Q

What method of domestication was found because of the prey pathway

A

the directed pathway

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10
Q

How does the directed pathway work

A

these species were deliberately sought out, captured, and brought under managed control by humans who then directed their breeding

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11
Q

Why didn’t the direct pathway always work

A

ancestors may have attempted this process with many species that failed to make the grade; they may have been too aggressive or too fearful to manage safely

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12
Q

What’s an example of an animal that was domesticated through the directed pathway

A

the horse, donkey and camel were believed to of been domesticated this way

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13
Q

What is believed to be the first livestock to be domesticated

A

sheep and goats (its believed sheep first)

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14
Q

When and where were sheep and goats first domesticated

A

Eurasia apprx 10,000 years ago

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15
Q

How were sheep domesticated

A

they were domesticated through multiple domestication events involving wild mouflon subspecies in southwestern Asia that have given rise to all of today’s domestic sheep breeds

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16
Q

What were sheep first used for

A

meat

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17
Q

When were sheep used for wool

A

about 2000 years after they were domesticated

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18
Q

What was the pathway of sheep domestication

A

This pathway of domestication moves a species from being wild prey to managed game animals, to herd management and then to directed breeding for more desirable traits. This pathway occurs as management of a disappearing resource

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19
Q

How many sheep are there in the world

A

there are just over 1 billion sheep

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20
Q

How much does sheep meat contribute to global meat consumption

A

about five precent

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21
Q

What is a group of sheep called

A

a flock. A big group is called a band or mob

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22
Q

What is a adult male and young adult male sheep called

A

ram and ram lamb

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23
Q

What is a castrsted male sheep called

A

a wether

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24
Q

What is an adult and young female sheep called

A

a ewe or a ewe lamb

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25
What is a female sheep that has been weened but not reached shearing age(around 6 and 15 months)
gimmer
26
What terms would you use for sheep meat
lamb for young sheep or mutton for sheep over 12 months of age
27
When and where was the goat domesticated
it was domesticated from farmers in western Asia to the southern slopes of zagros and taurus mountains in ran, Iraq and turkey around 10,000 years ago
28
What ancestor do goats come from
all three hundred plus breeds come from bezor ibex of Central Asia
29
Why was the goat domesticated
because of its adaptability to a wide range of environments and its ability to cover poor quality feed resources into meat and milk
30
What are goats raised for
meat, fiber, and milk
31
How popular is goat meat
it makes up five precent of global meat consumption
32
What is goat meat called
chevron
33
Why is goat milk different then other milks
it has a unique quality that makes it unnecessary to homogenize
34
What is cashmere wool
goat wool produced from the soft insulating inner hairs of the Cashmere goats' two-layered coat
35
What is mohair
Angora goats have no long guard hairs and are completely covered with hairs
36
What is the world goat population
in 2018 it was over one billion head
37
How much has the goat population increased since 1961
200 precent
38
Why is the goat a economical valuable species of animal for people in developing countries
it provides a source of nutritional security in areas with limited resources and challenging climates because of its ability to convert poor quality feed sources and withstand drought and food shortage
39
What is a group of goats called
a flock
40
What is and adult and young male goat called
a buck and a buckling
41
What is a casturated goat called
a weather
42
What is an adult and young female goat called
a doe and doeling
43
What is a baby goat called
a kid
44
When were pigs first domesticated
about nine thousand years ago
45
Where were pigs domesticated
China and Anatolia
46
What ansestors and genetic make up do pigs have
the domesticated pig has a large has a large genetic base as many captive pigs were bread with local wild boar species. Only he wild boar was domesticated
47
What species have a ghost ancestor
pigs. from the crossing of domestic pigs with wild pigs brought in from distant lands
48
What are pigs raised for
most commonly for meat sources. Their hides are used for leather
49
What do pigs diets consist of
they are scavenging omnivores and strive on food by-products and waste
50
Earlier in domestication why would pigs be beneficial to communities
they convert feed not suitable for humans into meat suitable for humans and grow quick with a high reproductive rate
51
How many pigs are in the world
almost half a billion
52
Where are the most pigs found in the world
china (65%)
53
What are the top 5 pig producing counties
china, USA, Russia, and Canada (home to 90% pig population)
54
What is a group of pigs called
a herd, drift, drove, passel, or a team
55
What is a group of boars called
a singular
56
What is a mature male pig called
a boar
57
What is a male pig casturated before puberty
a barrow
58
What is a male pig casturated after puberty called
a stag
59
What is a mature female pig called
a sow
60
What is a young female pig called
a gilt
61
What is the process of pig birth called
farrowing
62
When were cows domesticated
around nine thousand years ago ( around the same time as the pig)
63
What did the initial cow domestication come from
the wild auroch. DNA evidence indicates domestic cattle Bos taurus decended from from an initial population of about 80 female cows of the ancestral species of aurochs
64
Where did cows originate
around the near east
65
What would of created a divergent group of domestic cattle
the movement and interbreeding with local aurochs
66
There was a second cattle domestication taking place at the same time what was this
gave rise to the Bos indicus or Brahman-type cattle that are distinguished from the more common Bos taurus cattle by the presence of a hump over their shoulders. The ancestor of the Bos indicus cattle was another subspecies of the auroch
67
What other types of cattle have been domesticated
the closely related yak and more distantly related water buffalo
68
What do cattle provide to man
milk, meat, hides and draft animals
69
What’s todays cattle herd number
around 1.5 billion head
70
What is a key difference with cows in developing vs developed counties
in developed countries cattle are specialized for beef or dairy production while many of the cows in developing countries provide both meat and milk
71
Where is app half the cattle population
in developing countries
72
What is the plural of a cow
cattle
73
What is an mature female cow called
cow
74
What is a group of cows called
a herd
75
What is a mature male cow called
a bull
76
What is a caasturated male bovine
a steer
77
What is a young female cow called
a heifer
78
What is a female cow that has had one calf called
a calf heifer or a heiferette
79
What are bovine used for draught purposes called
a ox and its usually a steer
80
When were horses domesticated
about eight thousand years ago
81
Where were horses domesticated
on the asian stepps
82
What were the horses originaly captured for
for a source of food and hides later it was used as a pack animal and draught animal
83
when and why did the use of horses change
appx 4,000 years ago the horse was hitched to a war chariot and the source of history changed
84
What did the donkey originate from
the African wild ass
85
When and where was the donkey domesticated
in northeastern Africa about 6,000 years ago
86
Are the wild ancestors of the horse still around
no
87
Are the wild ancestors of donkeys still around
yes
88
When was the chicken domesticated
its belived around 8,000 years ago
89
Where was the chicken domesticated
in south east Asia
90
What is the ancestor of the chicken
the red jungle fowl
91
What were chickens originally domesticated for
its cock fighting
92
What are chickens now mostly used for
meat and eggs
93
How many chickens are in the world
almost 26 billion (double the number in 1990)
94
Where are most chickens in the world found
mainland china and Indonesia
95
What is a group of chickens called
a flock
96
What is a mature male chicken called
a rooster or a cock
97
What is a casterated rooster called
a capon
98
What is a mature female hen called
a hen
99
What is a young chicken called
a chick and a very young one is an egg

AGRC 112 - Animal Agriculture & Food Science (75 decks)

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