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AGRC 112 - Animal Agriculture & Food Science > Module 12-biofuel from crops > Flashcards

Module 12-biofuel from crops Flashcards

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1
Q

what are biofuels derived from

A

Biofuels are fuels derived directly from organic matter

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2
Q

what are some benefits of replacing petroleum-based fuels with biofuels

A

The use of biofuels in place of petroleum-based fuels can potentially reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and diversify the world’s energy supply

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3
Q

are biofuels a renewable resource or not? where is the resource derived from

A

its a renewable resources form the feedstock for biofuel production

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4
Q

what has led to an interest in the production of biofuels

A

Increased worldwide commitment to sustainability and reducing greenhouse gases in conjunction with limited non-renewable petroleum-based fuel supplies have spurred interest in the production of biofuels

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5
Q

how common were biofuels before and how much are they expected to increase

A

In 2008, biofuels accounted for just over 1% of total liquid motor fuels, the FAO forecasts that contribution of biofuels to total liquid motor fuels will increase to 12% by 2030 and 26% by 2050.

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6
Q

what is the global commitment to biofuel production where are most of them produced

A

Global commitment to biofuel production is geographically variable with the greatest concentrations in the United States of America and Brazil where almost ninety percent of the world’s biofuels are produced.

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7
Q

what are The two best known and most widely produced biofuels

A

ethanol and biodiesel

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8
Q

are ethanol and biodiesel new

A

Neither of these is new

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9
Q

what was the original vehicle designed to run on ethanol

A

the Model T Ford was originally designed to run on ethanol

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10
Q

what was the fuel source of the original biofuel veichle

A

peanut oil was the fuel source for the compression-ignition engine first designed by Rudolf Diesel in 1898

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11
Q

what kind of fuels currently dominate the fuel industry

A

inexpensive and readily available petroleum-based fuels have dominated the motor fuel industry for over a century and will continue to be the major fuel sources for some time to come although biofuels should capture an increasing share of the market.

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12
Q

what is ethanol

A

Ethanol is a fuel-grade alcohol traditionally produced through the fermentation of grains and crops with high sugar and starch content

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13
Q

what are crops used to produce first generation ethanols

A

Crops used to produce these first-generation ethanols include corn, sugar cane, sugar beets, sorghum and barley

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14
Q

what does the first generation or conventional ethanol feedstocks double as

A

The first-generation or conventional ethanol feedstocks are crops that are commonly used to feed people

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15
Q

what is the most commonly used crop to produce ethanol in the USA and Brazil

A

Corn is the most commonly used crop used to produce fuel ethanol in the United States, most of the fuel ethanol produced in Brazil is made from sugar cane

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16
Q

in recent years how did ethanal production compare to livestock feed production

A

In 2011, more corn in the United States was directed towards fuel ethanol production than to livestock feed production

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17
Q

can ethanol be added to just any engine

A

Gasoline blended with 10% ethanol (E10) can be used in gasoline engines without requiring any modifications to the engine

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18
Q

how is ethanol-blended gas beneficial

A

Ethanol blended with gasoline acts as an oxygenator contributing to a cleaner burn

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19
Q

how is ethanol-blended gas environmentally friendly

A

the ethanol replaces methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) which has been implicated as a carcinogen and ground water pollutant

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20
Q

what can gasoline blended with 85% ethanol be used to power

A

Gasoline blended with 85% ethanol (E85) can be used to power flexible-fuel (flex-fuel) vehicles

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21
Q

how does ethanol compared to gasoline in power

A

ethanol supplies approximately 30% less power than an equivalent volume of gasoline so the price must be sufficiently competitive to offset the decreased mileage

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22
Q

how do most car in brazil run

A

Most of the cars in Brazil can run on pure ethanol or on a blend of gasoline and ethanol

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23
Q

how well does ethanol maintain its properties

A

Ethanol will maintain its properties indefinitely if stored properly but in the presence of water or air, it absorbs water that will separate out and settle to the bottom of the fuel tank

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24
Q

what is the process of making ethanol

A 
1) grid grain
(add water)
2) cook briefly
(add enzymes)
3) hydrolysis converts starch to sugar
(add yeast)
4) yeast ferments sugar
5) distillation of fermented mash produces ethanol
(add small amount of gasoline)
then you have fuel grade etanol
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25
Q

what is cellulosic ethanol (second-generation biofuel) produced from

A

Cellulosic ethanol, a second-generation biofuel, is produced from lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) found in plant fibres

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26
Q

can second-generation biofuels be used directly as human food

A

By definition, the feedstock used to produce second generation biofuels cannot be used directly as human food

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27
Q

what can be used in the production of cellulosic ethanol

A

Trees, grasses, agricultural and municipal residues are used in the production of cellulosic ethanol

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28
Q

how does the production of cellulosic ethanol compare to the production of ethanol of sugar and starch in terms of making and availability

A

The production of cellulosic ethanol is less simple than the production of ethanol from sugars and starches but a wider range of potential feedstocks that cannot be used to feed humans makes cellulosic ethanol a more attractive option.

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29
Q

what are the different classifications of cellulosic production

A

dedicated energy crops
primary residue
secondary residue
tertiary residue

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30
Q

what are the subcategories of dedicated energy crops

A

short-rotation coppice e.g. willow, eucaliptis,

perennial cultivation e.g. switch grass, reed canary grass

31
Q

what are the subcategories of primary residues

A

agriculture e.g. straw, strover

forestry logging e.g. tree tops, branches, stumps

32
Q

what are the subcategories of secondary residue

A

crop processing e.g. shells, husks, cobs

first generation ethanol byproducts e.g. bagasse, pulp

vegtable oil processing e.g. presscake, shells, fruitbranches

33
Q

what are the sub categories of tertiary residues

A

municipal solid waste e.g. palettes, furniture, demolition timber

34
Q

what is cellulosic ethanol produced from

A

Cellulosic ethanol is produced from crop residues including corn stalks, rice straw, wheat straw, switchgrass, corn fibre, soy fibre, forestry residue and municipal solid waste and recycled newsprint

35
Q

when did global ethanol production increase

A

Global ethanol production was relatively limited until about the year 2000 when world interest in renewable resources financed the development of projects for more sustainable energy security

36
Q

how much did global production of bioethanol increase between 2000 and 2009

A

Global production of bioethanol quadrupled between 2000 and 2009

37
Q

when did production of bioethanol level off

A

Production has levelled off since 2010

38
Q

why did ethanol production level off in 2010

A

as government subsidies for ethanol were removed in the United States where more than 60% of the world’s ethanol is produced

39
Q

in 2012 how many gallons of ethanol were produced in the top production country

A

In 2012, 10,600 million gallons of ethanol were produced in the United States, the next two largest producers, Brazil and the European Union produced 5,577 and 1,139 million gallons, respectively

40
Q

what product from the ocean does third-generation bioethanol use

A

Third generation bioethanol production utilizes algae, both microalgae and macroalgae as a feedstock

41
Q

how common is the production of biofuels using algal

A

While production of biofuels using algal feedstock is showing promise, its use around the world remains limited.

42
Q

what is biodiesel produced from using

A

Biodiesel is produced from renewable resources such as vegetable oil, recycled cooking oil, animal fat and agro-industry by-products

43
Q

what are the main feedstocks used for biodiesel production in canada

A

The main feedstocks for biodiesel production in Canada and the United States are soybeans and canola

44
Q

what are biodiesels blended and what are they seen as

A

Biodiesel is usually blended with regular diesel and the fuels are identified by biodiesel content

45
Q

what is B100

A

B100 is 100% biodiesel

46
Q

what is B5

A

B5 is 5% biodiesel

47
Q

how does biodiesel compare to petroleum-derived diesel as far as energy, engine impact, and burn

A

Biodiesel provides the same energy as petroleum-derived diesel while providing better lubrication and a cleaner burn

48
Q

chemically what is biodiesel

A

Chemically, biodiesel is a methyl ester

49
Q

how safe is biodiesel

A

It is biodegradable and nontoxic and poses no hazardous risks for handling or transportation

50
Q

what is the flash point of biodiesel compared to petroleum why is it beneficial

A

it has a high flashpoint (150°C compared with 50°C for petroleum diesel) making it safer for use in engines running at high temperatures

51
Q

what is the big disadvantage to biodiesel

A

The disadvantage of biodiesel is that it can gel in very cold temperatures making it unsuitable for winters in Canada and much of the United States.

52
Q

what is biodiesel manufactures from

A

Biodiesel is manufactured from feedstocks such as soybeans and canola by a process called transesterification

53
Q

what is transesterification

A

Transesterification is a chemical reaction between the oil and methanol in the presence of a catalyst

54
Q

what does the reaction of transesterification produce

A

The reaction produces glycerin and biodiesel

55
Q

what are some by-products of biodiesel manufacturing and what is it used for

A

The by-products of biodiesel manufacturing are soy or canola meal used in livestock feeds and glycerine used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

56
Q

whaat are the steps for biodiesel production

A

1) oil feedstock is processed and filtered to remove contaminants
2) catalyst (NaOH or KOH) dissolved in methanol and mixed with presented oil
3) heating produced co-product s glycerine and biodiesel
4) glycerune and biodiesel are seperated, methanol is recovered and recycled
5) biodiesel purified to remove excess alcohol, residual catalyst and soap; glycerune by-productd purified to 99%

57
Q

what is the worlds largest producers of biodiesel

A

Germany is the world’s largest producer of biodiesel followed by France, Argentina, Brazil and the United States

58
Q

when did global biodiesel production increase

A

Global biodiesel production increased tenfold between 2000 and 2009

59
Q

why may there be a further limit of biodiesel production

A

Changing policies in the European Union, in response to unanswered questions regarding the potential negative impacts of biofuels may limit further increases in production

60
Q

how in the European union how much did the fuel limit cap change

A

On September, 11, 2013, the European Parliament voted to drop the cap on biofuel incorporation into engine fuels from ten percent to six percent

61
Q

how much has biodiesel grown since 2013 and where has most of the growth occurred

A

There has been relatively little growth in the biodiesel industry since 2013 and most of the growth since that time has occurred in the United States

62
Q

what kind of debate has the increase in biofuel production created

A

The increase in biofuel production and the forecasted more dramatic increase have spurred debate regarding whether or not biofuels are sustainable and whether or not they do, in actuality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions

63
Q

what are some issues that spared interest regarding biofuel

A

Some of the issues sparking controversy regarding biofuels are climate change, energy independence, food prices and land use.

64
Q

what is happening between food production and energy production

A

For the first time in history, the economies of food and energy are competing and energy security through biofuel production may threaten food security.

65
Q

in recent years how much of the worlds sugar can, oilseeds and coarse grains, sugar beets and corn were utilized for biofuel productioin

A

In 2012, biofuel production utilized twenty percent of the world’s sugar cane, nine percent of the world’s oilseeds and coarse grains, four percent of the world’s sugar beets and more than forty percent of US corn

66
Q

what are the two opposing views to the use of grains and oil seeds for biofuels

A

While some argue that directing grains and oilseeds into the manufacture of biofuels will contribute to mass starvation others argue that grain companies and producers will fill the demand with improved varieties and landbase expansion

67
Q

An increase in domestic use of grains will limit export programs; what does those on the pro side of the argument state for developing nations

A

that export programs have undermined agricultural programs in developing nations and that those nations will fare better without an influx of cheap commodities from developed nations while those on the con side state that inexpensive commodities from developed nations are essential to feeding the impoverished of developing nations.

68
Q

uncontrolled and unmonitored development of the biofuel industry has the potential to do what

A

to negatively impact food security, the environment and socioeconomic advancement of developing countries

69
Q

Numerous analyses of biofuel production stress the need to consider several factors in the evaluation process. what is the most important of these

A

the most important of these is the feedstock species and the agricultural practices used to produce that feedstock.

70
Q

at this time what country is the only one to improve its energy security through biofuel production

A

At this time, Brazil is the only country that has significantly improved its energy security through biofuel production and use

71
Q

in brazil how many percent of its total transportation and total energy does it make up

A

Brazil’s commitment to developing the biofuel industry has had dramatic effects on biofuel use with biofuels supplying 21 percent of transportation fuels and 11 percent of the total energy supply

72
Q

why isn’t the successful production of biofuels in brazil comparable in other countries

A

the effects of biofuel promotion in Brazil, which is not problem-free itself, cannot be broadly applied to situations elsewhere and the status and limits of biofuel production need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis

73
Q

what are the 6 concerns of biofuel production

A

1) crops diverted to fuel increases global food prices
2) draining wetlands, ploughing up grasslands and deforestation increases GHGs
3) monoculture farming to produce fuel feedstock promotes soil erosion and ground solution, threatens biodiersity and negatively impacts public health as needs for chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers increase
4) feedstock production and professing might consume and pollute water to a far greater extent the other energy carriers, threaten water supply and quality
5) ratio of energy supplied by biofuel combustion to energy used during biofuel production is less then one for some biofuels
6) converting more land to production of crops for fuel production threatens the environment, wildlife and local communities

AGRC 112 - Animal Agriculture & Food Science (75 decks)

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