Module 12-biofuel from crops Flashcards
what are biofuels derived from
Biofuels are fuels derived directly from organic matter
what are some benefits of replacing petroleum-based fuels with biofuels
The use of biofuels in place of petroleum-based fuels can potentially reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and diversify the world’s energy supply
are biofuels a renewable resource or not? where is the resource derived from
its a renewable resources form the feedstock for biofuel production
what has led to an interest in the production of biofuels
Increased worldwide commitment to sustainability and reducing greenhouse gases in conjunction with limited non-renewable petroleum-based fuel supplies have spurred interest in the production of biofuels
how common were biofuels before and how much are they expected to increase
In 2008, biofuels accounted for just over 1% of total liquid motor fuels, the FAO forecasts that contribution of biofuels to total liquid motor fuels will increase to 12% by 2030 and 26% by 2050.
what is the global commitment to biofuel production where are most of them produced
Global commitment to biofuel production is geographically variable with the greatest concentrations in the United States of America and Brazil where almost ninety percent of the world’s biofuels are produced.
what are The two best known and most widely produced biofuels
ethanol and biodiesel
are ethanol and biodiesel new
Neither of these is new
what was the original vehicle designed to run on ethanol
the Model T Ford was originally designed to run on ethanol
what was the fuel source of the original biofuel veichle
peanut oil was the fuel source for the compression-ignition engine first designed by Rudolf Diesel in 1898
what kind of fuels currently dominate the fuel industry
inexpensive and readily available petroleum-based fuels have dominated the motor fuel industry for over a century and will continue to be the major fuel sources for some time to come although biofuels should capture an increasing share of the market.
what is ethanol
Ethanol is a fuel-grade alcohol traditionally produced through the fermentation of grains and crops with high sugar and starch content
what are crops used to produce first generation ethanols
Crops used to produce these first-generation ethanols include corn, sugar cane, sugar beets, sorghum and barley
what does the first generation or conventional ethanol feedstocks double as
The first-generation or conventional ethanol feedstocks are crops that are commonly used to feed people
what is the most commonly used crop to produce ethanol in the USA and Brazil
Corn is the most commonly used crop used to produce fuel ethanol in the United States, most of the fuel ethanol produced in Brazil is made from sugar cane
in recent years how did ethanal production compare to livestock feed production
In 2011, more corn in the United States was directed towards fuel ethanol production than to livestock feed production
can ethanol be added to just any engine
Gasoline blended with 10% ethanol (E10) can be used in gasoline engines without requiring any modifications to the engine
how is ethanol-blended gas beneficial
Ethanol blended with gasoline acts as an oxygenator contributing to a cleaner burn
how is ethanol-blended gas environmentally friendly
the ethanol replaces methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) which has been implicated as a carcinogen and ground water pollutant
what can gasoline blended with 85% ethanol be used to power
Gasoline blended with 85% ethanol (E85) can be used to power flexible-fuel (flex-fuel) vehicles
how does ethanol compared to gasoline in power
ethanol supplies approximately 30% less power than an equivalent volume of gasoline so the price must be sufficiently competitive to offset the decreased mileage
how do most car in brazil run
Most of the cars in Brazil can run on pure ethanol or on a blend of gasoline and ethanol
how well does ethanol maintain its properties
Ethanol will maintain its properties indefinitely if stored properly but in the presence of water or air, it absorbs water that will separate out and settle to the bottom of the fuel tank
what is the process of making ethanol
1) grid grain (add water) 2) cook briefly (add enzymes) 3) hydrolysis converts starch to sugar (add yeast) 4) yeast ferments sugar 5) distillation of fermented mash produces ethanol (add small amount of gasoline) then you have fuel grade etanol
what is cellulosic ethanol (second-generation biofuel) produced from
Cellulosic ethanol, a second-generation biofuel, is produced from lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) found in plant fibres
can second-generation biofuels be used directly as human food
By definition, the feedstock used to produce second generation biofuels cannot be used directly as human food
what can be used in the production of cellulosic ethanol
Trees, grasses, agricultural and municipal residues are used in the production of cellulosic ethanol
how does the production of cellulosic ethanol compare to the production of ethanol of sugar and starch in terms of making and availability
The production of cellulosic ethanol is less simple than the production of ethanol from sugars and starches but a wider range of potential feedstocks that cannot be used to feed humans makes cellulosic ethanol a more attractive option.
what are the different classifications of cellulosic production
dedicated energy crops
primary residue
secondary residue
tertiary residue
what are the subcategories of dedicated energy crops
short-rotation coppice e.g. willow, eucaliptis,
perennial cultivation e.g. switch grass, reed canary grass
what are the subcategories of primary residues
agriculture e.g. straw, strover
forestry logging e.g. tree tops, branches, stumps
what are the subcategories of secondary residue
crop processing e.g. shells, husks, cobs
first generation ethanol byproducts e.g. bagasse, pulp
vegtable oil processing e.g. presscake, shells, fruitbranches
what are the sub categories of tertiary residues
municipal solid waste e.g. palettes, furniture, demolition timber
what is cellulosic ethanol produced from
Cellulosic ethanol is produced from crop residues including corn stalks, rice straw, wheat straw, switchgrass, corn fibre, soy fibre, forestry residue and municipal solid waste and recycled newsprint
when did global ethanol production increase
Global ethanol production was relatively limited until about the year 2000 when world interest in renewable resources financed the development of projects for more sustainable energy security
how much did global production of bioethanol increase between 2000 and 2009
Global production of bioethanol quadrupled between 2000 and 2009
when did production of bioethanol level off
Production has levelled off since 2010
why did ethanol production level off in 2010
as government subsidies for ethanol were removed in the United States where more than 60% of the world’s ethanol is produced
in 2012 how many gallons of ethanol were produced in the top production country
In 2012, 10,600 million gallons of ethanol were produced in the United States, the next two largest producers, Brazil and the European Union produced 5,577 and 1,139 million gallons, respectively
what product from the ocean does third-generation bioethanol use
Third generation bioethanol production utilizes algae, both microalgae and macroalgae as a feedstock
how common is the production of biofuels using algal
While production of biofuels using algal feedstock is showing promise, its use around the world remains limited.
what is biodiesel produced from using
Biodiesel is produced from renewable resources such as vegetable oil, recycled cooking oil, animal fat and agro-industry by-products
what are the main feedstocks used for biodiesel production in canada
The main feedstocks for biodiesel production in Canada and the United States are soybeans and canola
what are biodiesels blended and what are they seen as
Biodiesel is usually blended with regular diesel and the fuels are identified by biodiesel content
what is B100
B100 is 100% biodiesel
what is B5
B5 is 5% biodiesel
how does biodiesel compare to petroleum-derived diesel as far as energy, engine impact, and burn
Biodiesel provides the same energy as petroleum-derived diesel while providing better lubrication and a cleaner burn
chemically what is biodiesel
Chemically, biodiesel is a methyl ester
how safe is biodiesel
It is biodegradable and nontoxic and poses no hazardous risks for handling or transportation
what is the flash point of biodiesel compared to petroleum why is it beneficial
it has a high flashpoint (150°C compared with 50°C for petroleum diesel) making it safer for use in engines running at high temperatures
what is the big disadvantage to biodiesel
The disadvantage of biodiesel is that it can gel in very cold temperatures making it unsuitable for winters in Canada and much of the United States.
what is biodiesel manufactures from
Biodiesel is manufactured from feedstocks such as soybeans and canola by a process called transesterification
what is transesterification
Transesterification is a chemical reaction between the oil and methanol in the presence of a catalyst
what does the reaction of transesterification produce
The reaction produces glycerin and biodiesel
what are some by-products of biodiesel manufacturing and what is it used for
The by-products of biodiesel manufacturing are soy or canola meal used in livestock feeds and glycerine used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
whaat are the steps for biodiesel production
1) oil feedstock is processed and filtered to remove contaminants
2) catalyst (NaOH or KOH) dissolved in methanol and mixed with presented oil
3) heating produced co-product s glycerine and biodiesel
4) glycerune and biodiesel are seperated, methanol is recovered and recycled
5) biodiesel purified to remove excess alcohol, residual catalyst and soap; glycerune by-productd purified to 99%
what is the worlds largest producers of biodiesel
Germany is the world’s largest producer of biodiesel followed by France, Argentina, Brazil and the United States
when did global biodiesel production increase
Global biodiesel production increased tenfold between 2000 and 2009
why may there be a further limit of biodiesel production
Changing policies in the European Union, in response to unanswered questions regarding the potential negative impacts of biofuels may limit further increases in production
how in the European union how much did the fuel limit cap change
On September, 11, 2013, the European Parliament voted to drop the cap on biofuel incorporation into engine fuels from ten percent to six percent
how much has biodiesel grown since 2013 and where has most of the growth occurred
There has been relatively little growth in the biodiesel industry since 2013 and most of the growth since that time has occurred in the United States
what kind of debate has the increase in biofuel production created
The increase in biofuel production and the forecasted more dramatic increase have spurred debate regarding whether or not biofuels are sustainable and whether or not they do, in actuality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions
what are some issues that spared interest regarding biofuel
Some of the issues sparking controversy regarding biofuels are climate change, energy independence, food prices and land use.
what is happening between food production and energy production
For the first time in history, the economies of food and energy are competing and energy security through biofuel production may threaten food security.
in recent years how much of the worlds sugar can, oilseeds and coarse grains, sugar beets and corn were utilized for biofuel productioin
In 2012, biofuel production utilized twenty percent of the world’s sugar cane, nine percent of the world’s oilseeds and coarse grains, four percent of the world’s sugar beets and more than forty percent of US corn
what are the two opposing views to the use of grains and oil seeds for biofuels
While some argue that directing grains and oilseeds into the manufacture of biofuels will contribute to mass starvation others argue that grain companies and producers will fill the demand with improved varieties and landbase expansion
An increase in domestic use of grains will limit export programs; what does those on the pro side of the argument state for developing nations
that export programs have undermined agricultural programs in developing nations and that those nations will fare better without an influx of cheap commodities from developed nations while those on the con side state that inexpensive commodities from developed nations are essential to feeding the impoverished of developing nations.
uncontrolled and unmonitored development of the biofuel industry has the potential to do what
to negatively impact food security, the environment and socioeconomic advancement of developing countries
Numerous analyses of biofuel production stress the need to consider several factors in the evaluation process. what is the most important of these
the most important of these is the feedstock species and the agricultural practices used to produce that feedstock.
at this time what country is the only one to improve its energy security through biofuel production
At this time, Brazil is the only country that has significantly improved its energy security through biofuel production and use
in brazil how many percent of its total transportation and total energy does it make up
Brazil’s commitment to developing the biofuel industry has had dramatic effects on biofuel use with biofuels supplying 21 percent of transportation fuels and 11 percent of the total energy supply
why isn’t the successful production of biofuels in brazil comparable in other countries
the effects of biofuel promotion in Brazil, which is not problem-free itself, cannot be broadly applied to situations elsewhere and the status and limits of biofuel production need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis
what are the 6 concerns of biofuel production
1) crops diverted to fuel increases global food prices
2) draining wetlands, ploughing up grasslands and deforestation increases GHGs
3) monoculture farming to produce fuel feedstock promotes soil erosion and ground solution, threatens biodiersity and negatively impacts public health as needs for chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers increase
4) feedstock production and professing might consume and pollute water to a far greater extent the other energy carriers, threaten water supply and quality
5) ratio of energy supplied by biofuel combustion to energy used during biofuel production is less then one for some biofuels
6) converting more land to production of crops for fuel production threatens the environment, wildlife and local communities
