Module 6-drug use in animal production Flashcards
what are some reasons drug are used in animal roduction
Many drugs are used therapeutically to control sickness and disease; untreated animals can spread contagious diseases to other animals, their productivity is reduced or they may die and costs of production will increase. The treatment of sick animals is a requirement of animal welfare. Some drugs are used to promote growth; such drugs decrease the cost of production and the price the consumer must pay for animal products
what is a major concern with antibiotics
rampant use of antibiotics in human and animal medicine has contributed to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria that threaten our well-being and the well-being of animals as the antibiotics that we have been depending on since penicillin was discovered in 1928 cease being effective
what can lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
excessive use of antibiotics in livestock production, as well as the use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics, can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
how have Antimicrobials been used in livestock production
therapeutically, metaphylactically, prophylactically and to promote growth
what gives antimicrobials the greatest opportunity to become resistant
Sub-therapeutic doses of antimicrobials administered over a long period of time provide the greatest opportunity for pathogens to develop resistance to the antimicrobials.
how are antimicrobials used sub-therapeutically, i.e. for prophylaxis or growth promotion administered
they are administered at 10 to 50% of the therapeutic dose over a prolonged period
when the purpose is therapeutic or metaphylactic how are doses of antimicrobials administered
high doses are administered for a relatively short period of time
when antimicrobials are used Therapeutic what is the purpose of this
to treat clinically identified disease on either an individual basis or a group basis with antimicrobials added to the water or feed
what is the purpose of using antimicrobials for Metaphylactic reasons and how is it done
To prevent the spread of identified infection to cohorts; all animals are treated when the disease has been identified in some of the animals
what is the reason for using antimicrobials for Prophylactic reasons and how is it done
To control or prevent infection at times of increased risk such as immediately following weaning
what is the purpose of using antimicrobials for growth promotion
To increase growth and production efficiency by reducing intestinal colonization by opportunistic and overt pathogens; may be used in any or all stages of production; includes a prophylactic component
where and when were antimicrobials used to promote growth
Antibiotics have been used to promote growth in both the poultry and hog industries in the past; these practices were eliminated in Canada in 2018.
where is prophylactic use of antimicrobials common how has it changed
Prophylactic use, also previously common in the nursery phase of hog production has dramatically decreased as the administration has been restricted to high-risk animals
how has the use of metaphylactic antibiotics changed
Metaphylactic use of antibiotics in beef feedlots is now restricted to high-risk animals.
what has reduced the use of antimicrobials in most of the ivestock sectors
Changes to requirements for subtherapeutic administration of antibiotics which create the greatest opportunities for the development of antimicrobial resistance and require prescriptions for other antibiotics have reduced the use of antimicrobials in most of the livestock sectors.
before it became harder to purchase antimicrobials were we eating animals with antimicrobials in their system
no, Regardless of whether or not antimicrobials were being used, no animals were slaughtered for human consumption after receiving antimicrobials until after the withdrawal time for that antimicrobial had passed.
do we know the exact cause of antibiotic resistants
The use and misuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and the agriculture sector can be factors leading to widespread antibiotic resistance but the actual source of the resistance is very difficult to unequivocally determine since animals or people may act as reservoirs for resistant organisms derived from a different source. The relationship between sources of antibiotic resistance, reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant microbes and transmission between them is complex
in Denmark, there was a ban on antibiotics in the swine industry. what observations were made after this was put into effect
The reduction in antibiotic use in swine in Denmark has resulted in decreased performance and animal welfare and increased cost for the nursery phase of production while no major effect has been observed in the growing/finishing phase
what are some new antibiotic guidelines in north america
new guidelines for antibiotic use have been created and surveillance for antibiotic-resistant organisms in food animals and pets has been increased. New regulations limit the use of antimicrobials that are important in human medicine in food and companion animals. “Prudent Use” guidelines that include limiting subtherapeutic use have been developed and alternative methods for protecting animal health and promoting growth are being researched
what hare antibiotic-free farms
A small percentage of producers have completely removed antibiotics from their livestock production systems meeting niche market demands at a premium price. Animals that require therapeutic antibiotic treatment are removed from the “antibiotic-free” population and marketed in the normal stream
what happens if animals are treated by antibiotics
Treated animals do not enter the food chain until the withdrawal period for the antibiotic used has been completed
why don’t all places do antibiotic-free practices
Potential and actual health problems encountered by antibiotic-free producers limit the number of producers willing to adopt this practice
how many broiler operations in North America are antibiotic-free? how do producers successfully carry this out
Currently, almost half of the broiler industry in North America is antibiotic-free; this is facilitated by very stringent biosecurity measures that seriously limit exposure to pathogens
for a farmer who uses antibiotics how can they use them better
Wiser use of antibiotics in human and animal medicine may retard the rate of the development of antibiotic resistance and alternative pathways for preventing bacterial disease can be valuable tools in this endeavor.
