Minerals Flashcards
MACROMINERALS (major elements)
daily requirement >100 mg/day
Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfur
MICROMINERALS (trace elements)
daily requirement <100 mg/day
Iron
Zinc
etc.
ULTRA TRACE ELEMENTS
daily requirements <1mg/day
Iodine
Molybdenum
Selenium
For oxygen binding
For ABSORPTION by ENTEROCYTES
FERROUS (Fe2+)
For TRANSPORT in blood via TRANSFERRIN
For STORAGE in enterocytes, liver, spleen, bone marrow (via apoferritin + ferric iron = ferritin)
FERRIC (Fe3+)
For oxygen binding
For ABSORPTION by enterocytes
FERROUS (Fe2+)
For TRANSPORT in blood (via TRANSFERRIN)
For STORAGE in enterocytes, liver, spleen, bone marrow
FERRIC (Fe3+)
Site of iron absorption
PROXIMAL DUODENUM
Favors reduction of FERRIC IRON to FERROUS IRON
Vitamin C
Facilitates transfer of iron from the apical surfaces of enterocytes into their interior
Divalent Metal Transporter (DMT1)
Fate of Iron into Enterocytes
stored as FERRITIN
travel across basolateral membrane converts ferrous to ferric via HEPHAESTIN (Cu containing protein) –> attaches to TRANSFERRIN
Chief regulator of systemic iron homeostasis
HEPCIDIN
Constituent of Vitamin B 12
Cobalt
Cobalt deficiency
Macrocytic anemia
Potentiates the ACTION OF INSULIN in patients w/ impaired glucose tolerance by increasing insulin receptor mediated signaling
Chromium
Chromium deficiency
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Constituent of bone and teeth
Fluoride
Fluoride deficiency
Dental caries
Fluoride toxicity
Fluorosis - mottled and pitted defects in tooth enamel
Cofactor for xanthine OSIDASE, sulfite OXIDASE, aldehyde OXIDASE
Molybdenum
Molybdenum deficiency
Severe neurologic abnormalities
Xanthinuria
Cofactor for Glutathione Peroxidase Deiodinase, Thioredoxin Reductase
ANTIOXIDANT along with Vitamin E
Selenium
Selenium deficiency
Keshan’s disease (Cardiomyopathy) - heart failure, striated muscle degeneration
Selenium toxicity
Kaschin-beck Disease - garlic breath, brittle nail myopathy
Functions of Zinc
integral component of many metalloenzymes in the body
synthesis and stabilization of proteins, DNA and RNA
binding of steroid hormone receptors
for normal spermatogenesis, fetal growth, embryonic devt
Zinc toxicity
growth retardation decreased taste and smell alopecia dermatitis diarrhea immune dysfunction failure to thrive gonadal atrophy congenital malformation impaired wound healing
Cofactor for arginase, carboxylase, KINASE, enolase, glucosyl transferase, phosphoglucomutase
Required for RNA polymerase
Manganese
