Carbohydrates Flashcards
Main metabolic fuel for BRAIN, RENAL MEDULLA, CORNEA, RETINA, TESTIS, RBC
GLUCOSE
Most predominant sugar in human in the body
Universal fuel of the FETUS
GLUCOSE
Obtained from FRUIT juices
Present in SEMINAL FLUID
Fructose
Simplest carbohydrates of biological interest
Glyceraldehyde
Dihydroxyacetone
Pentoses which constitute a part of Nucleic acid
Riboses
Deoxyriboses
Nanoses with biologic significance
Neuraminic Acid
Obtained from lactose in dairy products
Constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins
GALACTOSE
Constituent of glycoproteins
Mannose
Structural component of nucleic acids and coenzymes
Removal of the hydroxyl group at C2 yields deoxyribose
RIBOSE
Intermediate in Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Ribulose
Excreted in the urine in ESSENTIAL PENTOSURIA
Xylulose
Glucose + Fructose
SUCROSE
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
Glucose + Glucose
MALTOSE
Reducing Disaccharides
Maltose
Isomaltose
Lactose
Lactulose
Nonreducing Disaccharides
Trehalose
Sucrose (cane sugar)
Storage form of carbohydrates in PLANTS
STARCH
Amylose
Amylopectin
Storage form of glucose in ANIMALS
GLYCOGEN
Found in exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects and mushrooms
Chitin
Chief constituents of PLANT CELL WALL
Cellulose
Found in roots of dahlias, chicory, onion, garlic, dandelions
Used in clearance test to determine GFR
Inulin (Fructosan)
Used as PLASMA VOLUME EXPANDER
Dextran
Different compounds having the same molecular(chemical) formula
ISOMERS
Isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom
EPIMER
2nd Epimer of Glucose - MANNOSE
3rd Epimer of Glucose - ALLOSE
4th Epimer of Glucose - GALACTOSE
Structures that are MIRROR IMAGES of each other
optical isomers or stereoisomers
ENANTIOMERS
D sugar (dextrorotatory -clockwise) L sugar (levorotatory - counterclockwise)
Most of the naturally occuring monosaccharides are
D isomers
Cyclic (ring structures)
Prominent monosaccharides in AQUEOUS solutions
FURANOSE - w/ 5 membered ring
PYRANOSE - w/ 6 membered ring
Property of ANOMERIC carbon atom
Interconversion from alpha –>beta form WITHOUT energy expenditure
MUTAROTATION
Equimolar mixture of of optical isomers which has no net rotation of plane polarized light
RACEMIC MIXTURE
Monosaccharide with NO ASYMMETRIC CARBON ATOM
Dihydroxyacetone
Widely distributed glucose transporter
GLUT 1
Most abundant glucose transporter in RBC
GLUT 1
MAJOR GLUCOSE transporter of BRAIN
GLUT 1
MAJOR GLUCOSE transporter of NEURONS
GLUT 3
MAJOR GLUCOSE transporter of PLACENTA
GLUT 1
Glucose transporter of BLASTOCYST
GLUT 8
INSULIN DEPENDENT glucose transporters
GLUT 4
GLUT 8
GLUT 12
Used in URATE TRANSPORTER
GLUT 9
Major component of ECM
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) - GAG
Tests for REDUCING SUBSTANCES in urine
Benedict’s test
Fehling’s test
Carbohydrates that give positive Benedict’s test
Pentoses, Fructose, Glucose, Galactose
Lactose, Maltose, Isomaltose
Which of the ff carbohydrate metabolism is used for LIVER FUNCTION ASSESSMENT
Galactose Tolerance Test
A 4 year old boy with mental retardation, dysostosis multiplex, coarse facial features, clear cornea. What is the diagnosis?
a. MPS Type IV
b. Hunter’s Disease
c. Hurler’s Disease
d. Zellweger Syndrome
b. Hunter’s Disease
Mucopolysacchridoses which are lysosomal storage disease occur d.t. abnormality in
Hydrolase enzyme
Glycogenin is a
Polypeptide
Complex polysaccharides are converted to glucose and absorbed by the help of
Sucrase
Maltase
Iso-maltase
Lactase
After overnight fasting, levels of glucose transporters are reduced in
a. Brain cells
b. RBCs
c. Adipocyte
d. Hepatocyte
c. Adipocyte
Glucose transporter in myocyte stimulated by insulin is
GLUT 4
Defect in renal glucosuria
SGLT2
Facilitated transport of glucose that is insulin insensitive (non-dependent) takes place in
LIVER
Glucose transporter present in RBC
GLUT 1
