Bioenergetics Flashcards
Measure of change in HEAT content of the reactants and products
Change in Enthalpy
joules
Measure of change in RANDOMNESS or DISORDER of the reactants and products
Change in Entropy
joules/Kelvin
Energy available to do work
Predicts the direction in which a reaction will spontaneously proceed
Change in Free Energy
negative delta G – spontaneous and favorable reaction
delta G = delta H - T delta S
Released energy
Spontaneous; Favorable
Exergonic reaction
negative delta G
Requires energy
Not spontaneous; not favorable
Endergonic reaction
positive delta G
ATP structure - nucleotide
ADENINE attached to RIBOSE + 3 phosphate groups
Compounds that when you remove phosphate produce more energy
Used to make ATP
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Carbamoyl phosphate
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Creatine phosphate
Methods of producing ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
2 Requirements of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxygen
Mitochondria
Part of mitochondria that is FREELY PERMEABLE to most molecules
OUTER MEMBRANE
Part of mitochondria that is IMPERMEABLE to most molecules
INNER MEMBRANE
Part of mitochondria that INCREASE surface are
Cristae
Part of mitochondria that contains enzymes, mtDNA, mtRNA, mitochondrial ribosomes
Matrix
Final common pathway by which electrons from different fuels of the body flow to oxygen
INNER mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
2 electron carriers used in ETC
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) - from vitamin B3
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) - from vitamin B2
Final electron acceptor
OXYGEN
Components of ETC
Complex I NADH coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase
Complex II Succinate Q reductase
Complex III Q Cytochrome C oxidoreductase
Complex IV Cytochrome c oxidase
Also called the 5th complex of ETC
The SMALLEST molecular motor present in the human body
INNER mitochondrial membrane
ATP-Synthase (Complex V)
The ONLY NON-PROTEIN component of the ETC
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
Mobile electron carrier b/w Complex III and Complex IV
Play a role in PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
Cytochrome C
All component of ETC are fixed to the inner mitochondrial membrane EXCEPT
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone) Cytochrome C
Theory that postulates that the 2 processes, OXIDATION and PHOSPHORYLATION are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Explains how the free energy generated by the transport of electrons by the ETC is used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi
Chemiosmotic Theory (Mitchell Hypothesis)
Tissue hypoxia
lack of oxygen –> decreased activity of ETC
ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation –> SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION - does NOT require oxygen
Inhibitors of Complex I NADH coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase
Barbiturates (Amobarbital)
Piericidin A
Amytal
Rotenone
Inhibitors of Complex II Succinate Q reductase
Malonate
Carboxin
TTFA
Inhibitors of Complex III Q Cytochrome C oxidoreductase
Antimycin A
Dimercaprol
Inhibitors of Complex IV Cytochrome c oxidase
Cyanide
Carbon monoxide
H2S
Sodium azide
Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation
Increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons
Disruption of proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
2,4 dinitrophenol
Aspirin (overdose)
Thermogenin in brown fat
Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by (-) the transporter of ADP into and ATP out of the mitochondrion
Actratyloside
ATP synthase (-)
Completely blocks oxidation and phosphorylation
Oligomycin
Unstable products that are formed as a byproduct of ETC
Produced by neutrophils to kill bacteria
REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
superoxide
hydrogen peroxide
hydroxyl radical
