Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Corrupt Bargain
A
Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams’ favor
2
Q
Pet Banks
A
pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833
3
Q
12th Amendment
A
provided for separate Electoral College votes for President and Vice President
4
Q
13th Amendment
A
States all slaves are free from owners
5
Q
14th Amendment
A
All people of the USA have complete citizenship
6
Q
15th Amendment
A
Blacks have the right to vote
7
Q
Alien and Sedition Acts
A
A series of three acts passed by Congress in 1798 that made it harder for new immigrants to vote and made it a crime to criticize the president or Congress
8
Q
American Colonization Society
A
send free African-Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the United States
9
Q
American System
A
The program of government subsidies to improve roads and canals and to foster economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.
10
Q
Bank of the United States
A
purpose for the bank was to handle the financial needs and requirements of the new central government of the newly formed United States.
11
Q
Bank War
A
the political struggle that ensued over the fate of the Second Bank of the United States during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. In 1832, Jackson vetoed a bill to recharter the Bank, and began a campaign that would eventually lead to its destruction.
12
Q
Battle of New Orleans
A
The United States achieved its greatest land victory of the War of 1812 at New Orleans. The battle thwarted a British effort to gain control of a critical American port
13
Q
Battle of Tippecanoe
A
Battle between American and Native Americans, prompted Tecumseh to ally his remaining forces with Great Britain during the War of 1812
14
Q
Bill of Rights
A
Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.
15
Q
Black Codes
A
enforce racial segregation and curtail the power of Black voters
16
Q
Chesapeake Incident
A
incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors
17
Q
Civil Rights Act
A
act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights
18
Q
Clermont
A
the first steamboat introduced on the Hudson River in 1807 by Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston.
19
Q
Commonwealth vs. Hunt
A
Supreme Court ruled that: labor unions were not necessarily illegal combinations or monopolies.
20
Q
Compromise of 1850
A
Admitting California into the Union as a free state;
Leaving the option of legalizing slavery to the territories of New Mexico and Utah;
Allowing the new territory gained after the Mexican-American War either to prohibit slavery or to permit slavery in the territory;
21
Q
Compromise of 1877
A
unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election; through it Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would remove the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.
22
Q
Crittenden Compromise
A
unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery in the United States Constitution, and thereby make it unconstitutional for future congresses to end slavery
23
Q
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
A
the Supreme Court ruled that the state of New Hampshire had violated the contract clause in its attempt to install a new board of trustees for Dartmouth College
24
Q
Dawes Act
A
passed in 1887 under President Grover Cleveland, allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands.
25
Dred Scott Decision
They ruled that African Americans, whether they were slaves or had ancestors who were slaves, had no legal view in court.
26
Checks and Balances
Each branch looks over the shoulders of the other two to make sure there are no abuses of power.
27
Corporation
business owned by many people
28
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply.
29
Proportional Representation
An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.
30
Federal System
the constitution divides the powers of government between the national and state government.
31
Headright System
any person who settled in Virginia or paid for the transportation expenses of another person who settled in Virginia should be entitled to receive fifty acres of land for each immigrant.
32
Household Economy
describes the collective economic activities of households.
33
Implied Powers
the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms.
34
Impressment
enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods.
35
Indentured Servant
a poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training.
36
Internal Improvements
refers to building roads and canals and enforced a protective tariff to get funding for transportation improvements.
37
Interstate Commerce
a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry,
38
Jacksonian Democracy
the political movement toward greater democracy for the common man symbolized by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters.
39
Market Revolution
sparked explosive economic growth and new personal wealth, but it also created a growing lower class of property-less workers and a series of devastating depression
40
Mercantilism
a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices
41
Nullification
the constitutional theory that individual states can invalidate federal laws or judicial decisions they deem unconstitutional
42
Proletariat
Class of working people without access to producing property
43
Protective Tariff
tariffs that are enacted with the aim of protecting a domestic industry. They aim to make imported goods cost more than equivalent goods produced domestically, thereby causing sales of domestically produced goods to rise
44
Ratification
Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty.
45
Republican Government
a type of government in which the citizens have the power to govern and they delegate their power to representative they have elected.
46
Sectionalism
an exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole.
47
Separate Spheres
a term describing the role of women in public life. It dictated that women had certain jobs that they could perform, and should stay out of others.
48
spoils System
practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and with other favors
49
States Rights
rights owned by the states rather than the federal government. States' rights were supported by anti-federalists
50
Triangular Trade
emerged as a result of mercantilism. In this international system, the Americas would send raw materials to Europe and Africa, Europe supplied Africa and America with finished goods, and Africa captured and transported slaves to the Americas.
51
Turnpike
the first transportation advances in America that helped expand their economy into the new level. Turnpikes were toll roads that were owned by localities, states, and private companies
52
Virtual Representation
the British parliament members virtually represented British colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from.
53
An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
Written by Charles Beard, argues that the structure of the Constitution of the United States was motivated primarily by the personal financial interests of the Founding Fathers
54
Civil Disobedience
Written by Henry David Thoreau, espouses the need to prioritize one's conscience over the dictates of laws
55
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine, independence from England and the creation of a democratic republic.
56
Democracy in America
Written by Alexis de Tocqueville, analyze the functioning of political society and the various forms of political associations
57
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Calhoun of South Carolina anonymously penned, articulating the doctrine of nullification. The doctrine emphasized a state's right to reject federal laws within its borders and questioned the constitutionality of taxing imports without the explicit goal of raising revenue.
58
The Liberator
Written by William Lloyd Garrison, publicly committed himself to Black abolitionists' demands for an immediate uncompensated end to slavery and for political and social equality
59
Walden
Walden details Henry David Thoreau's two-year stay in a self-built cabin by a lake in the woods, sharing what he learned about solitude, nature, work, thinking and fulfillment during his break from modern city life
60
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans. As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
61
Andrew Johnson
The 17th President of the US from 1865-1869, he succeeded Abraham Lincoln in the presidency. Johnson presided over the Reconstruction era, and his policies failed to promote the rights of Freedmen
62
Andrew Carnegie
industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry.
63
Ann Lee
thought to be Christ's second coming and was the pioneer in creating Shakerism to be what it became.
64
Barbary Pirates
The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean.
65
Boston Associates
an early group of Boston businessmen who dominated the textile, railroad, insurance and banking business in the 1800s. They built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham; Massachusetts
66
Brigham Young
The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.
67
Carpetbaggers
used by Southerners to describe opportunistic Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War, who were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own gain.
68
Charles Finney
contribution to the religious movement known as the Second Great Awakening during the 1830s. At the heart of this movement was a series of revivals. Finney was an evangelist who spoke at these revivals, using emotional sermons to urge his audiences to devote their lives to God.
69
Charles Sumner
Sumner was the leader of the anti-slavery forces in the state and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate during the American Civil War. also got canned
70
Cyrus McCormick
an inventor who improved upon previous designs for the mechanical reaper.
71
Daniel Webster
one of the greatest orators and most influential statesmen in the United States in the early 19th century. As an attorney, he argued several landmark cases before the Supreme Court that expanded the power of the federal government.
72
Daniel Shays
a series of uprisings that occurred in western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. Financial strain from government debt and economic decline occurred throughout the young United States at this time, leading citizens to rebel against the government.
73
David Wilmot
David Wilmot sponsored an amendment to an appropriations bill in the House of Representatives on August 8, 1846, which proposed the banning of slavery in land gained from Mexico in the Mexican-American War.
74
DeWitt Clinton
governor of New York who lead the building of the Erie Canal that connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River in 1825
75
Dorthea Dix
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails
76
Eli WHitney
Eli Whitney has been deemed the "father of American technology," for two innovations: the cotton gin, and the idea of using interchangeable parts.
77
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the women's rights movement. She is best known for her Declaration of Sentiments given at Seneca Falls in 1848.
78
Essex Junto
a group of Federalist political leaders. They opposed the War of 1812, leading them to participate in the secessionist Hartford Convention.
79
Federalist Party
Political party in the United States of mostly Wealthy North-easterners that favored a strong centralized federal government, commerce-based economy, loose construction of constitution, national bank
80
Federalists
a supporter of federal government, especially US, a supporter of the U.S. Constitution.
81
Anti-Federalists
opposed the ratification of the 1787 U.S. Constitution because they feared that the new national government would be too powerful
82
Founding Fathers
new thinking of the Enlightenment influenced Ben Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton
83
Francis Cabot Lowell
A former Boston importer who smuggled British textile factory designs back to America, and built the world's first factory capable of converting raw cotton into cloth
84
Franklin Pierce
14th president, a pro-southern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law
85
Fredrick Douglass
an escaped slave, who became a powerful aboltionist orator. He captured his audiences with descriptions of his life as a slave. He also published a newspaper, the North Star,
86
Harriet Beecher Stowe
an American abolitionist and author who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), depicting life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the U.S.
87
Emancipation Proclamation
executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten Confederate states still in rebellion. It also decreed that freed slaves could be enlisted in the Union Army
88
Embargo Act
act stating that America would no longer participate in trade with great Britain during the British's war with the French.act stating that America would no longer participate in trade with great Britain during the British's war with the French.
89
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
90
Farewell Address
Washington offered his advice to the citizens of the United States. His key points were to warn Americans against the danger of political parties, to remain neutral in foreign conflicts and to celebrate their achievements
91
Federalist Papers
a series of eighty-five essays urging the citizens of New York to ratify the new United States Constitution.a series of eighty-five essays urging the citizens of New York to ratify the new United States Constitution
92
Free Soil Party
organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, the Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories.
93
Freedmens Bureau
Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support.
94
Freeport Doctrine
It declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures would have the final say on the slavery question, not the Supreme Court.
95
Fugitive Slave Act
Allowed for runaway slaves to be captured and brought back to their owners
96
Great Awakening
a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s. a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s.
97
Gibons v. Ogden
Supreme Court decision forbade states from enacting any legislation that would interfere with Congress's right to regulate commerce among the separate states.
98
Great Compromise
created a two-house legislature, with the Senate having equal representation for all states and the House of Representatives having representation proportional to state populations.
99
Harpers Ferry
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by abolitionist John Brown, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
100
Hartford Cnvention
a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington
101
Homestead Act
The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property. This policy led to the rapid development of the American West after the Civil War
102
Independent Treasury Act
established independent treasury deposit offices separate from private or state banks to receive all government funds.
103
ndian Wars
the multiple conflicts between American settlers or the United States government and the native peoples of North America from the time of earliest colonial settlement until 1890.
104
Jays Treaty
treaty was meant to prevent a war between the two nations by not allowing the US to trade with “hostile nations,” such as France.
105
Judiciary Act of 1789
established a three-part judiciary—made up of district courts, circuit courts, and the Supreme Court—and outlined the structure and jurisdiction of each branch.
106
Judiciary Act of 1801
established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system and created the position of attorney general.
107
Kansas Nebraska Act
repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty
108
Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
Drafted in secret by future Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.
109
Knights of Labor
Knights pressed for the eight-hour work day for laborers, and embraced a vision of a society in which workers, not capitalists, would own the industries in which they labored
110
Lecompton Constitution
drafted by pro-slavery advocates and included provisions to protect slaveholding in the state and to exclude free people of color from its bill of rights.
111
Liberty Party
Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the Liberty party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade.
112
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
debates consisted of Douglas accusing Lincoln of being an abolitionist while Lincoln accused Douglas of wanting to nationalize slavery. These main topics were reflective of the major issues that the country was facing at a national level
113
Louisiana Purchase
a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.
114
Marbury v. Madison
Congress does not have the power to pass laws that override the Constitution, such as by expanding the scope of the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction.
115
Waltham System
A textile factory system that was used during the 19th century in the New England region. The system used women as a cheap source of labor and used the first women workforce.
116
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was a confrontation in Boston on March 5, 1770, in which a group of nine British soldiers shot five people out of a crowd of three or four hundred who were harassing them verbally and throwing various projectiles
117
Proclamation of 1763
a British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide
118
Saratoga
Image result for saratoga apush
The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War. The American defeat of the superior British army lifted patriot morale
119
Abolitionism
the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves.
120
Antebellum
the period of increasing sectionalism that led up to the American Civil War.
121
Bleeding Kansas
repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854.
122
Boston Tea Party
American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation,” dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the harbor.
123
Conscription
The system for selecting individuals for conscription, or compulsory military service.
124
Crop-Lien System
a way for farmers, mostly black, to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value of anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit; when the cotton crop was harvested farmers turned it over to the merchant to pay back their loan.
125
Cult of Domesticity
attempted to define gender roles in the nineteenth century by limiting women to a domestic sphere.
126
Habeas Corpus
Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest
127
Impeachment
to accuse a public official of misconduct in office
128
Manifest Destiny
the belief that America had the “God-given” right to expand from sea to shining sea
129
Martial Law
The imposition of military rule above or in place of civil authority during times of war and emergency
130
Navigation Acts
only English ships would be allowed to bring goods into England, and that the North American colonies could only export its commodities, such as tobacco and sugar, to England
131
Pocket Veto
allows the President to indirectly veto a bill by figuratively "carrying it in his pocket" until the deadline for signing it has passed.
132
Polygamy
The practice of marriage by a man to multiple wives practiced by mormons
133
Popular Soveregnty
a controversial political doctrine according to which the people of federal territories should decide for themselves whether their territories would enter the Union as free or slave states
134
Romanticism
An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination
135
Secession
When states leave the Union. The South left after the Election of Lincoln.
136
Sharecropping
An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop.
137
Temperance
-the moderation or abstention in the use of alcohol gained many supporters in the early 1800s.
138
Transcedentalism
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.
139
Yorktown
the last major land battle in the Revolutionary War. It signified the end of the war because the American and French forces surrounded Yorktown
140
Young American Movement
the confident, manifest destiny spirit of the Americans in the 1840's and 50's. Expansionists began to think about transmitting the dynamic, democratic spirit of the US to other countries by aiding revolutionaries
141
Congressional Gag Rule
A strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
142
Henry Clay
senator, Speaker of the House, and secretary of state, Clay helped guide a fragile Union through several critical impasses
143
Herny David Thoreau
American philosopher, poet, and environmental scientist whose major work, Walden, draws upon each of these identities in meditating on the concrete problems of living in the world as a human being.
144
Horace Mann
started a public education movement called Common School Movement. The movement pushed for better-developed, tax-funded, secular school systems.
145
Jacksonian Democrats
The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man" Indian Removal Act.
146
James Birney
147
James Buchanan
The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina
148
James Madison
4th President of the US from 1809-1817. He is credited with the name "Father of the Constitution" for being the primary auther of the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Wrote the Federalist Papers in 1788.
149
James Monroe
fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs.
150
James Polk
11th president, favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon.
151
Jefferson Davis
President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union.
152
John Adams
Second President of the United States, first Vice President, Founding Father. Had a tough presidency and established the Alien and Sedition Acts.
153
John Brown
abolitionist extremist who wanted to violently overthrow the slavery system. During Bleeding Kansas, he and his sons led attacks on pro-slavery citizens. He believed that his actions were a will of God, and therefore pure.
154
John C. Calhoun
Leading American politician, political theorist, and strong nationalist. He favored protective tariffs, states' rights, limited government, nullification, and free trade, and best known for his defense of slavery.
155
John Deere
was responsible for inventing the steel plow
156
John Marshall
He served as chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835.
157
John Quincy Adams
sixth President of the United States, who sought to modernize the American economy and promote education.
158
John Rockefeller
He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust
159
John Tyler
a Virginian Whig who served as William Henry Harrison's Vice President until his death in 1841 in which he succeeded him and became President
160
Joseph Smith
an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism. He created the Mormon church and the Book of Mormon.
161
Know Nothing Party
prominent United States political party during the late 1840s and the early 1850s. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church
162
Lewis and Clark
a federally funded venture to explore the North American West. The expedition's principal objective was to survey the Missouri and Columbia rivers, locating routes that would connect the continental interior to the Pacific Ocean.
163
Lewis Cass
the reputed father of "popular sovereignty" The doctrine that stated that the sovereign people of a territory, under the general principles of the constitution should themselves determine the status of slavery
164
165
Martin Van Buren
Eighth president of the United States who was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and a key figure in building the structure for Jacksonian Democracy.
166
Mormons
Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s
167
Nat Turner
a thirty-year-old Virginia slave who led a bloody rebellion that resulted in the death of fifty-five whites, mostly women and children.
168
Nicholas Biddle
169
Paxton Boys
a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764
170
Plains Indians
171
Radical Republicans
Wanted to disenfranchise large numbers of Southern whites, protect black civil rights, confiscate the property of wealthy whites who aided the confederacy, and distribute the land among the freedmen.
172
Ralph Emerson
he led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century
173
Republican Party
founded in northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers and ex-Whigs, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party.
174
Robert Fulton
a colonial American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat
175
Roger Taney
United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens.
176
Rutherford B Hayes
19th President of the US who oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction
177
Samuel Slater
English-American scientist who was known as the "Father of the Industrial Revolution," and brought British textile technology to America
178
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland may not impose a tax on the bank. In a unanimous decision, the Court held that Congress had the power to incorporate the bank and that Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers.
179
Mssouri Compromise
admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory
180
Monroe Doctrine
1) The United States would not get involved in European affairs
2) The United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Western Hemisphere
3) No other nation could form a new colony in the Western Hemisphere.
