Actual Ch. 16-19 Flashcards
In 1877Unionized RRD workers protested
wage cuts because the Panic of 1873
What did these strikes lead to?
Violence, which was broken up by militia hired by employers
What president also sent militia?
Hayes
What was one of the only trade unions that survived the Panic of 1873?
Knights of Labor
Haymarket Riot
In Chicago, groups joined the campaign for an 8 hour work day and organized mass strikes?
Who was involved in this?
Anarchists and craft unions
What was the response to this riot?
an outbreak of police brutality a bomb was set off in Haymarket Square [presumably by anarchists], resulting in the arrest of 8 immigrant radicals
who went on strike in 1892?
AFL- Affiliated Iron and Steelworkers Association
WHat was the result?
Henry Frick had to close down his plant and hire Pinkerton detectives to defend it.
Although the strikers eventually gave in, it gave the union more bad PR due to workers attacking, etc.
Pullman Strike
To protest Pullman’s policies in his company town, workers walked out at the factory.
How did Pullman react?
Refused to negotiate
Outcome:
workers for the American Railway Union called a strike. Pullman closed the factory; the Union [Eugene V. Debs] refused to handle Pullman cars; and finally a court injunction was used to stop the strike.
Knights of Labor: Founded in
1869 by Terence V. Powderly,
Ideaologys of KOL
get rid of capitalism in favor in which workers worked for themselves. Consequently, the KOL refused to strike
Outcome of KOL strike
Powderly met with Gould and called off the strike, but Gould would not concede, so the militant unions began to quit the KOL, seeing it as weak.
American Federation of Labor: The AFL emerged as the major organization after the year
- Led by Samuel Gompers,
Ideologies of AFL
avoided the KOL idealistic rhetoric, concentrated on concrete goals [higher wages, shorter hours, right to bargain collectively], and excluded unskilled workers and women. The AFL also avoided party politics.
IWW Ideaologies
aimed to unite all workers, was basically a socialist/anarchist organization that believed violence was justified to overthrow capitalism. The organization finally collapsed in WWI.
Women’s Trade Union League was founded.
in 1903
WTUL Ideologies
encouraged protective legislation, education, and women’s suffrage
most Unions also rejected _______b/c of__________
immigrants and African Americans, lower wages, and prejudices were reinforced when blacks worked as strikebreakers.
Wht made it hard for unions to form effectively
job instability
Some symptoms of commercialization
higher life expectancy due to advances in medical care and better diets, more upwards mobility [education became key], flush toilets, processed and preserved foods, ready-made clothing, department and chain stores, and my personal favorite, advertising.
Working class families could hypothetically afford new stuff, but
but they would have had to find additional sources of income [i.e. subletting, child labor].
paid employment became more
prevalent, leading to the growth of our commercial society.
Social Darwinism was taken over by
William Graham Sumner
how did social Darwinism apply to companies
survival of the fittest implied that the gov’t should stay out and let the rightful winners take their share. Monopolies = natural accumulation of power.
Andrew Carnegie Gospel of Wealth concept
wealth carries moral responsibilities, and it’s good we moguls have it all b/c that way we can be the guardians of society.
business leaders still pressed the gov’t for assistance, which it provided
form of tariffs on foreign goods [allowed them to raise prices], subsidies, loans, and tax breaks.
in 1883 sociologist Lester Ward appealed for
gov’t intervention and a cooperative philosophy in Dynamic Sociology, kind of like socialism
1879 writer Henry George asked for a
tax on the rise in property values in Progress and Poverty
in 1888 novelist Edward Bellamy wrote
of a utopian, council of elders controlled city where jobs were managed by a small elite in Looking Backward.
As a result of popular pressure, states began to
prohibit monopolies.
Sherman Antitrust Act,
was left vague but made illegal anything that was in “restraint of trade.”
What was ironic about this?
the act was used against striking workers more than it was against trusts.
Munn v. IL (1877)
– RRDs discriminated against farmers
