Chapter 25

Question 1

“Atoms for Peace”

Answer 1

Eisenhower tried to diffuse the Cold War sitation. In December 1953, he proposed an “Atoms for Peace” plan to the United
Nations by which the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom,
would turn over some of their nuclear material to an international agency for peaceful use. However, little came of the plan

Question 2

With his Secretary of State John DUlles, what did Eisenhower want to do?

Answer 2

tried to craft a foreign policy that kept the financial costs of the Cold War to a minimum, protected U.S. influences in key corners of the globe, and avoided war.

Question 3

massive retaliation

Answer 3

A policy adopted by the Eisenhower admin-istration to limit the costs of the Cold War.
Rather than keep a large military presence,
the administration used the threat to use
the hydrogen bomb if the Soviet Union
expanded its grasp to new territory

Question 4

Why did some call this policy ¨Brinkmanship¨?

Answer 4

the United States was
ready to go to the brink of destruction if the Soviets moved outside their sphere of
influence, and the Soviets were being put on notice that the United States was prepared to use its H-bombs and use them quickly.

Question 5

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Answer 5

Established by President Truman and
expanded by President Eisenhower, the
CIA was the nation’s spy agency charged
with keeping tabs on developments in
other countries and with engaging in secret
missions to advance American interests

Question 6

Who did the CIA help overthrow?

Answer 6

Prime Minister of Iran, Muhammad Mussadegh, who had nationalized oil interests
belonging to British companies and who some feared might have communist sympathies. replaced with the pro- Western Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi, who ruled the country for more than 20 years before being displaced by an anti-U.S. Islamic revolution in the late 1970s

Question 7

What happened with France and Vietnam?

Answer 7

France wanted to claim Vietnam, but the US just helped appoint Vietnam as free with Ho Chi Min. Ho Chi Minh’s forces attacked the French. The United States, fearing
a communist government under Ho and more worried about alienating France in
Cold War Europe than events in Asia, sided with the French

Question 8

What eventually happened to France?

Answer 8

Defeated by Vietnam and temporarily
divided Vietnam into North Vietnam, to be led by Ho Chi Minh, and South Vietnam,
to be led by Bao Dai and a pro-Western nationalist Ngo Dinh Diem.

Question 9

De-stalinization of the Soviet Union

Answer 9

Khrushchev surprised the world with a speech—originally a
“secret speech” to Soviet leaders only, but word spread quickly—in which he said
that Stalin had been a tyrant who had inflicted purges, show trials, forced labor, terror, and mass executions on his people.

Question 10

WHat happened with Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Arab nationalist ruler of Egypt?

Answer 10

he sought funding from both the United States and the Soviet Union to build the Aswan High Dam on the upper Nile River to irrigate new areas of Egypt, provide electricity, and promote
industrialization. His flirtation with both sides angered both countries, and in 1956,
Dulles cancelled the U.S. loan.

Question 11

WHat did Nasser do in response?

Answer 11

taking control of the Suez Canal,
the essential waterway between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that was owned by a British and French canal company and crucial to the f ow of oil to Europe.

Question 12

Result of this?

Answer 12

with British and French backing, Israel attacked Egypt. Eisenhower was outraged. He sponsored a UN resolution demanding an Israeli withdrawal. A cease fire was arranged, and the canal was reopened under Egyptian management. The Soviet Union and the United States looked good to Arab countries. Israel remained strong. Only Britain and France suffered. Eden resigned as Prime Minister, and neither Britain nor France was again a major influence in the Middle East

Question 13

Hungarys revolt?

Answer 13

Khrushchev’s denunciation of Stalin had raised hopes for a more liberal policy in Eastern Europe. The Soviet government granted some concessions to the Hungarians, but when they pressed for more independence, Khrushchev sent 200,000 troops and 4,000 tanks to Budapest to end the uprising. Some 40,000 Hungarians were killed and another 150,000 fled the country seeking asylum in the west.

Question 14

Who ran in the election of 1956?

Answer 14

Republican Eisenhower and Democrat Adlai Stevenson, Eisonhower won

Question 15

Sputnik

Answer 15

The world’s first space satellite, launched by
the Soviet Union in 1957

Question 16

National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)

Answer 16

A new government agency created in 1958 in
response to Sputnik and specifically charged
with fostering American space efforts; even-tually led to the first manned moon landing
and the space shuttle.

Question 17

National Defense Education Act (NDEA)

Answer 17

Federal aid to improve education, especially
science and math education, approved by
Congress in 1958. Created because people were nervous the Soviet Union education was superior

Question 18

Spirit of Geneva

Answer 18

A perspective fostered by Eisenhower and
Khrushchev that the Cold War might, at the
least, be limited by their personal engagement with each other

Question 19

What did people find out in 1958?

Answer 19

atmospheric nuclear testing was found to be a health risk to millions around
the world as well as an unnecessary military provocation, and the cessation was important

Question 20

On May 1, 1960, the progress stopped. A U-2 reconnaissance plane

Answer 20

was shot down by a Soviet rocket as it flew 1,300 miles inside Russia. Khrushchev
announced that the Soviets not only had the wreckage of the U-2—and it was no weather plane—but also had captured the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, alive and had found both the poison needle with which he was supposed to kill himself rather than risk capture and a pistol with a silencer that he had been supplies

Question 21

What did Khrushchev demand after the U-2 incident?

Answer 21

insisted that Eisenhower condemn the U-2 f ights and punish those responsible, which Eisenhower could not do, though he did agree to suspend the flights. Khrushchev withdrew the invitation for Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union.

Question 22

Election of 1960

Answer 22

Republican Richrd Nixon and Democrat JFK

Question 23

How did the nominee arguments go?

Answer 23

People listening on the radio thought Nixon sounded better, but the TV audience thought JFK looked better

Question 24

WHo did Eisenhower support?

Answer 24

He thought the Kennedys were rich and snotty, but he didnt like Nixon

Question 25

What did Kennedy accuse Eisenhower of?

Answer 25

accused Eisenhower of allowing a “missile gap” to develop between the United States and
the Soviet Union and promised that, if elected, the United States would expand its defenses and its missions in space

Question 26

Who won?

Answer 26

JFK

Question 27

TV stats in 1960

Answer 27

600 stations received in 45,750,000 homes in 1960—almost 80 percent of all of
U.S. homes.

Question 28

What types of TV shows were on?

Answer 28

Playhouse 90 , the Goodyear Television Playhouse , and the Kraft Television Theater and Camel News Caravan with John Cameron Swayze and the CBS Television News
with Douglas Edwards and brought current events into living rooms.

Question 29

What other TV shows?

Answer 29

Soap opeas, Gunsmoke,

Question 30

What did broadcasters discover?

Answer 30

they could make higher prof ts with multiple
advertisers, and 30-second commercials urged Americans (always seen as white and
middle class) to “see the USA in your Chevrolet,” or “move up to Chrysler,” and handle their indigestion with “Speedy” Alka Seltzer.

Question 31

1960 car stats?

Answer 31

By 1960, 80 percent of American families owned an automobile (the same percentage as
owned televisions). The total number of cars registered at the end of the decade was
74 million, almost double the 39 million registered in 1950. In addition, the cars were
becoming larger, faster, more powerful, and much flashier.

Question 32

American Road Builders Association

Answer 32

able to successfully lobby for the creation of the Highway Trust Fund in which all revenue generated from automobiles, especially the tax on gasoline, could be used only to build highways with the result that, in the United States, funding for road building was ample, though funds for mass transit were more scarce.

Question 33

Interstate Highway System

Answer 33

A national system of super highways that
Congress approved at the urging of President
Eisenhower in 1956 to improve car and truck
travel across the United States. These highways made travel by car, truck, or bus much easier and cheaper than ever before. At the same time, urban, suburban, and rural sprawl was exacerbated. Suburban houses sprang up and tight-knit urban communities went into decline.

Question 34

What industries sprang up?

Answer 34

Fast-food, medical, legal, and insurance services, and motels, gas services like Mobil, Shell, and Esso

Question 35

Why did some people nor like automoblies?

Answer 35

People didnt think they could make enough roads, others said it annihilated the city

Question 36

How did religion change in the 1950s?

Answer 36

More than half of the population went to Sunday church

Question 37

Billy Graham

Answer 37

In 1949, he led a revival in Los Angeles that brought him national attention and remained
the nation’s best known religious leader for the next 50 years. urged the converted to attend any church that appealed to them.
Graham’s success was such that he also became a religious advisor to several U.S. presidents

Question 38

The Billy Graham
Evangelistic Association

Answer 38

had an annual budget of $2 million and a staff of 200 in the 1950s. It produced books, television programs, radio, and its own films. Most of all, the association organized massive religious revivals that were held in football stadiums and civic auditoriums around the country

Question 39

A Protestant minister Norman Vincent
Peale

Answer 39

took the quest for peace of mind to a wide audience through his books, Guide
to Conf dent Living published in 1948 and The Power of Positive Thinking published in
1952, which broke all previous records for the sales of a religious book. Peale’s message
was “believe in yourself” and develop “a humble but reasonable confidence.”

Question 40

What religions flourished in the 1950s?

Answer 40

the “mainstream” of American Protestantism—Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Episcopalians

Question 41

Monsignor Fulton J. Sheen

Answer 41

became a popular preacher not only at Catholic religious gatherings (never called revivals) but also on television. He brought Catholic teachings into the mainstream of American culture, and his book Peace of Soul , published in 1949, anticipated some of the positive-thinking themes in Peale’s work.
Sheen restated traditional Catholic beliefs in ways that appealed to a wide audience,
Catholic and non-Catholic.

Question 42

What type of African American religious movements happened?

Answer 42

The National Baptist Convention, the
African Methodist Episcopal, and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion churches, the
nation’s three largest African-American religious bodies, all grew during the 1950s.

Question 43

Nation of Islam

Answer 43

A religious and political organization
founded by Elijah Muhammad that mixed
Muslim religious teachings with a campaign
for African-American separatism, pride, and
self-determination

Question 44

Dorothy Day

Answer 44

embraced voluntary poverty, set up the St. Joseph’s House of Hospitality in New York to
provide food and clothing to those in need, and protested the buildup of nuclear arms
and the wars in Korea and later Vietnam.

Question 45

Myles Horton

Answer 45

In 1931, he moved back to Tennessee where he opened the Highlander Folk School “to work with people from the bottom, who could change society from the bottom.” In the 1930s and 1940s, Highlander trained grass-roots leadership for the labor movement, and in the 1950s and 1960s, for the Civil Rights Movement.

Question 46

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 46

Wrote about Sexual Behavior in Males and Females and said that 37 percent of all men
and 13 percent of women had at least one homosexual experience or the fact that 50
percent of married men and 26 percent of married women had committed adultery,
shocked Americans.

Question 47

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 47

A Supreme Court decision in 1954 declaring
that “separate but equal” schools for children
of different races violated the Constitution

Question 48

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP

Answer 48

began to challenge state “separate but equal” laws, bypassing state legislatures and governors with federal court cases arguing that the separate facilities were, in fact, far from equal.

Question 49

what lawyers took charge of the
NAACP legal effort?

Answer 49

Charles Hamilton Houston, then dean of the Howard University
Law School, and his former student, Thurgood Marshall.

Question 50

The Houston-Marshall strategy at the NAACP was to

Answer 50

chip away at segregation. Ex. In
a 1938 case, Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, Registrar of the University, In Alston v. School
Board of the City of Norfolk in 1940, the NAACP won a ruling that said separate salary
schedules for black and white teachers violated the Fourteenth Amendment. In 1950,
the court issued two rulings. In Sweatt v. Painter, it said that separate law schools for
blacks and whites were not equal, and in McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

Question 51

What did some students do to stop segregation?

Answer 51

students at the all-black R. R. Morton
High School in Farmville, Virginia, called a strike to protest conditions at their school in
1951. Although the white school in Farmville had comfortable facilities, some classes at
R.R. Morton were held in tar-paper shacks, students had to wear coats to keep warm,
and the teachers had to gather wood for the wood stoves. The authorities had long promised new facilities, but construction was continually postponed.

Question 52

What did these kids eventually help do?

Answer 52

the Supreme Court agreed with the NAACP’s argument that separate education always violated the 14th amendment’s guarantee of “the equal protection of the laws.” The unanimous 1954 decision said, “We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other ‘tangible’ factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of the equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.

Question 53

Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC)

Answer 53

The leading clergy-led voice of the southern,
nonviolent Civil Rights Movement, founded
in 1957 by Martin Luther King, Jr., and some
60 other black ministers, many veterans of
the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Question 54

Famous sit in

Answer 54

four African-American fresh-men at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College sat down at the whites-only
lunch counter of the Woolworth’s store in Greensboro, North Carolina. They asked
politely for service and ordered coffee. Aft er sitting at the counter all day, they still had
not received their orders. Nineteen students joined the sit-in the next day, and on the
third day, they numbered 85. On the fourth day, more than 300 people joined the sit-in

Question 55

What happenede when king protested in Birmingham?

Answer 55

King was promptly arrested
during a protest—and used the time to write one of his most famous publications, “Letter
from Birmingham Jail.” T e Birmingham police, under their chief “Bull” Connor also
arrested some 3,000 protesting children and turned f re hoses and attack dogs on chil-dren and adults

Question 56

Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
.

Answer 56

Black civil rights organization founded in
1960 that drew heavily on younger activists
and college students

Question 56

Who did lots for the SNCC?

Answer 56

Ellla Baker and John Lewis

Question 57

What plan did SNCC do to develop a plan to bring a thousand mostly white college students to Mississippi to help with the voter registration effort
and to focus national attention on the denial of rights in Mississippi?

Answer 57

In June 1964, thousands of student volunteers, white and black, arrived
for what became Mississippi Freedom Summer to register local African-Americans
to vote and to demonstrate to the nation what an interracial coalition looked like.
They were met with considerable hostility.

Question 58

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
(MFDP)

Answer 58

A separate Democratic delegation, launched as a result of the SNCC-led voter registration campaign, that challenged the right of the regular, all-white delegation to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic Convention

Question 59

Malcolm X first encounter with religion?

Answer 59

Malcolm experienced a religious conversion and joined
the Nation of Islam, or the Black Muslims as they were commonly known.

Question 60

Hiw did Malcolm prove himself as a MusliM?

Answer 60

Early in 1964, he broke with the Nation of Islam
and set off on a pilgrimage to Mecca as is required of every devout Muslim man.
In Mecca, Malcolm found himself among Muslims from all over the world. He was
transformed by the experience

Question 61

WHat did Malcolm X believe about the civil rights movement?

Answer 61

He thought people should be violent and established his own independent
Muslim Mosque Incorporated to preach what he believed was a truer Islam than
that taught by the Black Muslims. He organized theOrganization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) to advance his political agenda.