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APUSH > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

When Lincoln died, what was his party divided on?

A

If blacks could vote and how to handle the readmission of the confederate states int the Union

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2
Q

Why did many Republicans start the Civil War?

A

To win over the Union and end slavery

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3
Q

What were they not committed on?

A

Giving blacks the right to vote or award them land

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4
Q

What did Radical Republicans believe?

A

abolishing slavery and
advocated full rights for former slaves
intheSouth. (hold office, give land to)

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5
Q

What were other people arguing about?

A

how to admit confederate states, Lincoln and others thought it should be easy since they never really left, but Radical Republicans thought the government had to be reconstructed and make it harder for Southern states

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6
Q

Freedmans Bureau

A

Created by Lincoln, an agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services as well as advice and protection to former slaves.

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7
Q

How did Lincoln use Louisiana as an example for bringing southern states back to the Union?

A

Saw that his new government worked there, accepting slaves as free, but not so they could vote. Lincoln saw this as a work in progress but other radical Congress members didnt want to admit Louisiana until blacks could vote there

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8
Q

Presidential Reconstruction (1)

A

Name given to the immediate post–Civil
War era, 1865–1866, when President Andrew
Johnson took the lead to return full rights to
the former Confederate states.

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9
Q

Congressional Reconstruction (2)

A

Name given to the period 1867–1870
when the Republican-dominated Congress
controlled Reconstruction era policy.
Sometimes it is also known as Radical
Reconstruction.

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10
Q

Redemption (3)

A

the election of Rutherford B. Hayes in November 1876, the federal government
ended its involvement in Southern affairs, and
southern whites took control of state governments and ended black political right

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11
Q

How did Andrew Johnson come up to be president?

A

Grew up in poverty, but became a state legislature, the US governor of Tennessee, and always stayed loyal to the Union, and became Lincolns vice president because it helped him get more votes

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12
Q

How did the Radical Republicans feel about Johnson?

A

Like his because they thought he could help them completely change south policies

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13
Q

what was 1 of Johnsons policies for Reconstruction?

A

All South states had to accept the 13th Amendment, but didnt want to do anything else for former slaves

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14
Q

Did people like this?

A

no

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15
Q

What was another one of Johnsons policies?

A

declared a pardon for most of those who had taken part in the rebellion as long as they were willing to pledge loyalty to the Union and support the end of slavery, included restoration of all land taken by the Union
army.

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16
Q

How did people feel about all of Johnsons grants?

A

Felt that this was more than other presidents would give and learned to be greatful

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17
Q

How were Blacks included into Johnsons plans?

A

they werent

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18
Q

How were confederate states put back under Johnsons policies?

A

Readmitted as soon as the ratified the 13th Amendment

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19
Q

How were southern states taking blacks being free?

A

They made governments full of white people and limited black laws

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20
Q

Black Codes

A

Laws passed by states and municipalities
denying many rights of citizenship to free
blacks and to control black labor, mobility,
and employment

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21
Q

What did black codes make it also illegal for?

A

own guns, police now terrorized blacks due to no weapons

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22
Q

Lincolns elected Congress

A

Werent assembled till 8 months after his death, majority republican, thought Johnson was siding with former slaveholders

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23
Q

Who led the Radical Republicans?

A

Charles Sumner, sad by how different Johnsons was by letting all states set up their own governments

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24
Q

What type of people did Johnson elect for him?

A

Confederate people

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25
Q

Lyman Trumbull

A

Proposed 2 new pieces of legislation, felt the government had the duty to protect free African-Americans

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26
Q

Trumbulls first bill

A

Extended Lincolns one year Freedmans Bureau, distributing food to former slaves, supporting the establishment of schools, and in some cases, even helping former slaves gain their own land, He also proposed giving it new authority to ensure that blacks had all “civil
rights belonging to white persons” and giving bureau agents the authority to press
charges against state offcials who denied those rights.

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27
Q

Trumbulls 2nd bill

A

far-reaching Civil Rights Bill of 1866 that defined allpersons born in the United States (except Indians) as citizens, permanently
ending the Dred Scott distinctions between whites and blacks. It explicitly guaranteed rights to make contracts, bring lawsuits, and have the equal benefit of the laws without regard to race.

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28
Q

What happened to Trumbulls bills?

A

Many people liked them and thought they would pass, but Johnson vetoed both

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29
Q

What type of bills did Johnson veto?

A

Republican, anti slavery bills

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30
Q

What amendment was proposed to the constitution after Johnsons veto rampage?

A

Civil Rights law from Trumbull

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31
Q

What was the arguement with this amendment?

A

Many people still didnt want blacks or women voting

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32
Q

What did the new 14th amendment say?

A

guaranteeing rights of citizenship to former slaves and others born or naturalized in the United States was nevertheless significant.

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33
Q

What other law in January 1867 was passed?

A

gave black males in the District of Columbia the right to vote.

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34
Q

Reconstruction Act of 1867

A

all Southern state governments—
already recognized by Johnson—to be inoperative and divided into five military districts, ordering the military to oversee the writing of new constitutions that would guarantee universal male suffage

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35
Q

How did Johnson feel about the reconstruction act?

A

He hated it

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36
Q

How did blacks use the new act?

A

registering to vote, participating
in constitution writing, struck for higher pay in Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, Richmond, and New Orleans.

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37
Q

Union Leagues

A

In the South, a Republican Party organization
led by African-Americans, which became an
important organizing device after 1865.

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38
Q

How did congress deal with he idea of Johnsons impeachment at first?

A

Congress passed a number of laws that most hoped would keep Reconstruction moving in spite of the president. One law required all presidential orders to the military to pass through the army chief, General Grant, before going to commanders in the field.

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39
Q

Tenure of Office Act

A

any person whose
appointment required the Senate’s consent, could be replaced only when the Senate approved a success

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40
Q

How did Johnsons deal with these acts?

A

He was always stubborn and never wanted compromise, and started to encourage opposition f Reconstruction

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41
Q

How did officials try to get Johnson impeached?

A

agreed on a long list of charges, most having to do with Johnson’s violation of the
Tenure of Office Act but also a charge saying that the president had tried to bring
Congress “into disgrace.

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42
Q

What was the outcome?

A

Johnson won by one vote

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43
Q

Who was the republicans vote for the next election?

A

Ulysses S. Grant with Schuyler Colfax

44
Q

How did Democrats feel about the election?

A

They were conflicted about issues of personality, on their opposition to
Congressional Reconstruction, and on fiscal policies

45
Q

Who did Democrats nominate?

A

New York Governor Horatio Seymour,
who had flirted with supporting the Confederacy during the war and for VP Francis Blair

46
Q

What line was drawn down the parties?

A

Race

47
Q

Who won the election?

A

Grant

48
Q

The 15th Amendment came quickly after his election, what did it say?

A

The right to vote couldnt be denied by anyone, no matter what race, color, or previous
condition of servitude

49
Q

What did people want aswell from the 15th amendment?

A

The right to hold office

50
Q

First African American elected in the Senate

A

Hiram R. Revels in 1870

50
Q

Who was dissapointed?

A

Women as well as Douglass because women still couldnt vote

51
Q

Revels upbringing

A

born free in Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1827, he was a minister in the
African Methodist Episcopal Church, serving as a pastor in Baltimore when the Civil War began. Revels organized two all-black regiments and served as
their chaplain.

52
Q

Who tried to challenge blacks in the Senate?

A

Garrett Davis

53
Q

Who defended Revels

A

James Nye

54
Q

What other African American was put into Senate?

A

Blanche K. Bruce

55
Q

With blacks and whites in the government, what changed?

A

expanded the right to vote, abolishing restrictions that had existed for black and poor white voters, newly formulated state constitutions created public school systems and internal improvements designed to bring the South into the modern world

56
Q

What did the Union Army find out when going to the South?

A

All the former slaves wanted to learn more and said it was their proof of independence

57
Q

Why was Douglass such a good advocator for abolishing slavery?

A

He taught himself to read and write and learn new things in secret

58
Q

What groups helped create black colleges

A

Freedmans Bureau and Northern Missionary groups

59
Q

majority of freedman teachers were

A

african american

60
Q

What was another former slave issue?

A

land

61
Q

Sherman’s army arrived in Savannah, Georgia, the army of 60,000 troops was accompanied by some 20,000 former slaves, made it clear what they wanted:

A

freedom and land,

62
Q

What did Sherman do for these people?

A

provided for 40-acre parcels of land for black families, which was to be taken from the plantations of owners in active rebellion on the Sea Islands and coastal areas in Georgia,Sherman also offered army mules that were no longer needed

63
Q

What was this land now called?

A

Sherman land

64
Q

Who stopped the land and mule policy and gave land back to the former plantation owners?

A

Johnson

65
Q

Before the policy was taken away, who expanded it

A

head of the Freedman’s Bureau, General O. O. Howard

66
Q

Where were former slaves maybe able to get land?

A

South Carolina established a state land commission that provided grants of land to some 14,000 black families, had a good reconstruction government

67
Q

What law did southern plantation owners make?

A

made it a crime
to be without a job, which meant former slaves had to take whatever was offered
or be jailed.

68
Q

How did slaves feel?

A

They didnt like working for the low wages and working at the same place that they were enslaved

69
Q

Sharecropping

A

former slaves worked as independent
entrepreneurs who were guaranteed a share of the crop in return for their labor. At
the same time, landowners, who provided the land, the seeds, and the loans to get
through the year, also received a share of the crop.

70
Q

Sharecropping:owner of a large
tract of land

A

agreed to provide crude housing, a short-term loan for living expenses, seed, fertilizer, tools, and the right to grow cotton on a
specified piece of land 15 to 40 acres in area.

71
Q

Landless tenants (former slaves) sharecropping

A

agreed to work the land, plant, weed or “chop” the cotton through the growing
season, and bring in a crop

72
Q

Where did sharecropping begin?

A

on the sugar plantations of Louisiana and quickly spread to the rest of the agricultural South

73
Q

Why did blacks like sharecropping?

A

they retained a portion of the profits they created.

74
Q

Why did landowners not like sharecropping at first?

A

they did not like the sense of
independence that sharecropping brought to former slaves, disliked the shift from having farm work done by gangs of laborers, as had been the case in slavery and wage-earning times, to having the work done by family units on smaller plots.

75
Q

How did they manipulate it?

A

Owners developed a credit system
whereby a plantation-store sold every-thing from food to clothing on credit to
the sharecroppers to be repaid when the
crop was harvested. Many plantation owners made as much money with their stores as with their crops. With crops mortgaged before they were even planted, workers fell further and further into debt to the
landowners.

76
Q

Who was majority in the Republican party?

A

Blacks, large numbers of white Republicans in the South, including both Southern born and immigrants from the North

77
Q

scalawags

A

A disparaging term for southern whites who
supported the Southern Republican Party
during Reconstruction.

78
Q

Carpetbaggers

A

Term used by white Southerners for Northern transplants who came to the South to help with Reconstruction

79
Q

post–Civil War Democratic Party goals

A

even if blacks were now free,
they would have few rights and that whites committed to excluding blacks from power
would dominate every aspect of society, politically, economically, and culturally

80
Q

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar

A

helped develop the Ku Klux Klan

81
Q

WHo was apart of the KKK

A

Confederate veterans in Tennessee, but spread fast

82
Q

Main goal of KKK

A

ending reconstruction by killing blacks

83
Q

Violence in Mississippi

A

Republican
Party held a meeting in Vicksburg, Mississippi, armed whites arrived and shot and killed
many of those, white and black, in attendance.

84
Q

More Mississippi Violence

A

On September 1, 1875, at a
Republican meeting in Yazoo City, Henry Dixon began shooting at the mixed-race gathering. One person was killed instantly. Before long, those who were at the meeting scattered and a company of organized Mississippi White Liners, the Mississippi version of
the Klan—took over the town and forced its elected government to flee

85
Q

Why did Democrats win statewide in Mississippi?

A

black voters arriving at the polls were met by some 80 whites armed with Remington rifles, who started firing at them. At Peytona, not a single Republican vote was cast.

86
Q

How dd Reconstruction end in Mississippi?

A

All of the violence towards blacks

87
Q

Enforcement Act

A

the denial of the right to vote because of race through force, fraud, bribery, or intimidation a federal crime.

88
Q

Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871

A

made conspiracies to deprive citizens of the right to vote a punishable federal offense.

89
Q

What side was the federal government on?

A

republican because supported blacks

90
Q

What did Grant do to KKK?

A

the president proclaimed nine counties of South Carolina to be in a “condition of lawlessness” and sent federal troops to restore order and arrest several hundred Klan leaders, some of whom ended up serving terms in federal prison. Several were arrested

91
Q

Who did the democrats nominate for the 1872 election and what did they do?

A

Horace Greeley, adopted a platform attacking Republican corruption and
calling for civil service reform while also promising a general amnesty for former
Confederates

92
Q

Who did Republicans nominate and won?

A

Grants

93
Q

Who did Grant send down to Louisiana and what did he see?

A

War General Phillip Sheridan, saw many killings of blacks, over 2,000, none punished

94
Q

Former slave Henry Adams

A

organized a committee of 500 blacks to “look into affairs and see the true condition of our race.” In northern Louisiana around the Red River area alone, the committee documented 683 murders

95
Q

What factors led to the growing national weariness with federal intervention
in the South

A

Southern Reconstruction governments were regularly accused of
corruption, like political people making lots of money

96
Q

What corruptions did the Grant administration face?

A

During Grant’s first year in office, Jay Gould and James Fisk, the nation’s leading bankers, tried to corner the nation’s gold supply and thus control the economy, and cabinet officers resigned and were replaced after they were charged with taking bribes or other
forms of corruption

97
Q

Whiskey Ring Scandal

A

a congressional investigation uncovered the workings of the so-called Whiskey Ring, a group including elected officials, government employees, and whiskey makers who defrauded the U.S. Treasury of excise taxes on whiskey. Over 200 distillers and revenue agents were indicted, and Grant’s personal secretary, OrvilleE.Babcock, resigned

98
Q

How was the U.S. Supreme Court was not sympathetic to Reconstruction?

A

Inthe Slaughterhouse
Cases of 1873, the court severely restricted the reach of theFourteenth Amendment. A
group of butchers in New Orleans had challenged the right of the Louisiana legislature to grant a monopoly to one meatpacking company because, they said, it violated their Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process of law and citizenship rights. But the court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not include such rights, making it much harder to bring other suits about state infringement of citizen’s rights

99
Q

United States v. Cruikshank

A

William J. “Bill” Cruikshank was a white participant in the attack on Colfax, Louisiana, in 1873. He was indicted on federal charges for
violating the civil rights of blacks who were killed in the attack. But 3 years later, the
Supreme Court ruled that the charges were unconstitutional. Chief Justice Morrison
R. Waite wrote that protecting the rights of individual citizens was a state, not a
federal duty

100
Q

What did Cruikshank ruin?

A

took away one of the federal government’s most important enforcement powers, the right to bring federal charges against those who attacked the basic rights of African-Americans

101
Q

Why did the court rule that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional?

A

the Fourteenth Amendment gave Congress only the right to outlaw state government actions, not discrimination by individuals, which the court left to the states to deal with

102
Q

What happened during the 1876 elections?

A

People were getting sick of the Reconstruction

103
Q

Who did Democrats nominate?

A

Samuel Tilden

104
Q

ho did Republicans nominate?

A

Rutherford B. Hayes

105
Q

Why was the election crazy?

A

The vioence in the South, and Tilden wining the popular vote but not the electoral votes

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