Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is the first thing Jackson wanted to do as President?
Replace many senior federal office holders, many served under several presidents
how did Jackson appoint people to government jobs?
Spoil System
Spoil System
A way of selecting people for government jobs based on the idea that “to the victor belongs the spoils”
What was an effect of Jackson and his policies?
experienced officials were fired from small, stable federal bureaucracy
Who was Jacksons Secretary of State?
Martin Van Buren
Who did Jackson spend most of his time in office with?
the Kitchen Cabinet
Kitchen Cabinet
Longtime friends and advisors who worked closely with Jackson
What were some accomplishments from the Kitchen Cabinet
Removed Indians from wanted lands, revoked the charter for the Second Bank of the US, and preserving the authority of the federal union against radical supporters of states rights
How did he want to make the presidency?
The center of the American government
What did he do differently than other presidents?
Vetoed more congressional bills than his predecessors
what did Jackson want the West Indians to do?
Move from Northern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to more west to clear for white settlement
What did Jackson not like?
Big federal government and Bank of the US
What did Jackson defend through his Presidency?
Slaveholding
How do historians see Jackson?
One of the most complex presidents, expanding the roles of poor and working-class whites, while reducing
the rights of Indians, slaves, federal employees, bankers, and indeed anyone who dis-agreed with him
Indian Removal
Jacksons policy of of forcing the Cherokee Nation and other tribes to move to reservations in Oklahoma
How did this effect the tribes?
War resulted in the tribes, losses, resistance, resignation, and reinvention
Five Civilized Tribes
The Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles, who had established treaty agreements with the United States in
the late 1700s or early 1800s, lived in peace with their neighbors and adopted more of the ways of the whites than most Native Americans
What were some things that the 5 Civilized Tribes did?
Created their own alphabet, set up trade networks with other tribes and whites, intermarried with whites, set up farms, cultivated cotton
What tribe was the model of assimilation that older presidents wanted?
Cherokee tribe
Indian Removal Act
Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 which provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It granted the president the authority to
use force if necessary and resulted in the involuntary transfer of thousands of Native Americans to new homes in Oklahoma
If these Indians did not “voluntarily” leave Georgia, what would happen
Indians wouldnt be able to vote, own property, or testify against whites in court
Why did the Indian Removal become a fight?
Because Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole leaders as well as some whites started to protest against it
Who led the opposition of the Indian Removal Act?
Theodore Frelinghuysen
Who else joined this opposition?
Henry Clay
The bill to protect the Indians was passed, but
Jackson signed a law to make half a century of treaties void
What two court cases ruled the Cherokee a domestic dependent nation?
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia
What did Jackson do about the cases?
Ignored it
Trail of Tears
The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands of Cherokees died along the way.
Who led the Trail of Tears
American soldiers, Martin Van Buren helped it
Seeing the Trail, what did other tribes do?
Chickasaws moved quickly west, but Seminoles stayed in Florida, annilating any soldier that faced them
What Indians remained legally in the East after all of Jacksons laws and policies?
the Iroquois in New York, a few Cherokees in North
Carolina, and scattered small communities remained legally east of the Mississippi
How many Indians were forcely removed during Jackson Administration?
46,000
How did the Cherokees, Creeks, and Choctaws surive?
they reestablished their communities, adopted a constitution, set up a school system
What did the Jeffersonian Republicans do about the Second Bank of the US?
refused to extend its charter and it closed
how did the 2nd bank make a comeback?
As the War of 1812 diminished the economy, only a national bank could build long-term prosperity and ensure that their loan would be repaid s the bank was back
Why did many Jackson supporters disagree about his views of the bank?
Because it helped the country
WHo was the banks president and ho did he help thee bank survive?
Nicholas Biddle, he stabilize the currency, help state banks through difficult times, and expand the nation’s credit,
something that both northern mill owners and western land promoters liked
Who supported Jackson in running for his second term?
Democrats
Who dd Democrats choose as Jackson VP?
Martin Van Buren
Who did Republicans(Whig Party) choose for President and VP
Henry Clay for President, John Sergeant for VP
Whig Party views:
Whig Party was committed to Alexander Hamilton’s vision of a federal government
that took an active role in shaping the economy, so they strongly supported the Second
Bank of the United States.
Who won the Presidency?
Jackson
How did Biddle rally support in Congress?
offered congressmen loans, ensured that the Banks lead attourney was elected in Congress, loosened credit
What did Jackson do to decrease the bank?
remove federal deposits from the bank and place them in
23 state banks that he selected
How did Roger Taney actually destroy the 2nd Bank?
Taney regularly paid the
government’s bills with funds from the accounts that the government had in the
Bank of the United States, but he stopped depositing new federal revenue in the bank.
Instead, the government’s income went to the state banks.
what happened to the Second bank?
Became a private bank and went bankrupt
The battle over tariffs beagn
over a federal tax policy
What did John Calhoun want for the country? (jacksons VP)
Favored internal improvements, strong national governement, favored the Bank
Reasons for Jackson and Calhouns diagreements
Calhoun was becoming a defender of states rights against federal authority
Tariff of Abominations
A revised federal tariff that lowered the tax on cotton products but raised it on many of the products made in
the mid-Atlantic states.
Why did Buren change the Adams-Clay tariff?
They knew they couldnt win New England n the next election, so they modify the proposed tariff by reducing the protection for the cotton produced by New England mill owners, thus allowing foreign-made cotton to be
sold more cheaply
Who saw the tariff as an unfair use of federal power?
Planters in South Carolina
The tariff may have raised the cost of living in South Carolina
20%
Why were planters also worried on the tariff of imported goods?
Might cause other countries to purchase less cotton
Daniel Webster vs. Robert Hayne
states rights vs. the right of the federal government
Haynes arguement
the federal government was making the North the winner and the South the loser, talking about tariffs and slavery, on states side
Websters arguement
pleaded for a strong federal union that no state should
be allowed to undermine
Hayne congratulated Webster on a word win, but did Hayne change his mind?
no
Who did Jackson agree with?
Webster
What tariff did Adams replace Tariff of Abominations with?
Reduced the duty of goods not produced in the US, reduced tariffs on cheap woolens, retained tariffs on growing US industries
What was more important to people rather than Jacksons policies or opinions?
growth of popular democracy and social movements
What was the most popular movement that took place in Jacksonian America?
Second Great Awakening
Charles G. Finney
Left law practice to preach in churches in NY, became one of the most influencial preachers in the US
What did Finney lead?
the largest religious revival ever seen in Rochester
Finney effects
people took religion more seriously, joined churches, and participated in reform movements
The area along the Erie Canal where Finney preached became known as
the burned-over district because the fires of religious enthusiasm rolled over the region
Lyman Beecher
Once the Connecticut churches lost their government support, Beecher embraced the new
situation and supported revivals and voluntary associations for moral reform in New England and the nation
What organizations helped Beecher and their influence grow?
The American Bible Society distributed Bibles, the
American Sunday School Union provided curriculum materials for church-based Sunday schools, and the American Education Society supported the education of ministers.
What was the goal for these organizations and Beecher
Moral reform
Who were the majority converted by Beecher and Finney
Women
What did these new religious women also start?
Womens right movements
What message did Finney spread around USA
Northerners to fight for the Abolishment of slavery
what other movements came for the Second Great Awakening?
Treatment of mentally ill and prisoners, resulting in prisons made to help prisoners know how to act in the real world
What did religious enthusiasm also create?
Untraditional ways of thinking and more experiementing
Anne Lee
convinced that she was receiving a special revelation from God that human sexuality was the basis of all sin and celibacy was the only way to live a godly life.
What communities thrived based of off Lees revalations?
New York and New England communities
Shakers, followers of Lee, followed what rules?
Celibacy, and creating beautiful things like art and furniture
John Humphrey Noyes
Christian, repentance from sin was not enough and that people should simply stop sinning
Where did Noyes community live and do?
Lived in Oneida, NY until having o flee to Canada and produced and sold silverware
Joseph Smith
said he found a treasure that would unlock the Indian history of the area. He had, he said, found golden plates and magical stones known as Urim
and Thummim with which to read and translate what was written on the plates by
an ancient prophet-historian named Mormon
Where did Smith build the Mormon community
Palmyra, NY
Who became the Mormon leader after Smith died and where did he lead them?
Brigham Young, led them to the Great Salt Lake, now Utah
How did war start with Mormons and th government
tried to force monogamy on them
What group was the most successful from the 2nd Great Awakening?
Mormons
Who argued that women made better teacher than men and women would supply teacher spots for the US
Catharine Beecher
Manns two major concerns for schooling
moral education of the states citizens and paying school taxes
Horace Mann
Created a state board of education, advocated tighter state standards for school, higher teacher salaries
What political party agreed and advocated for Mann
Whig Party
What political party agreed and advocated for Mann
Whig Party
How did Jacksonian Democrats see school?
Too expensive and unessecary
What religion didnt support schooling?
Roman Catholics
Most popular textbook for schools in 1840s
McGuffeys Reader
What things did this textbook include?
lessons designed to create a unified, literate society, had patriotic speeches, ethical instruction
