Chapter 7 Flashcards
What did George Washington do once he was elected president?
Appointed first members of the Supreme Court, created a presidential cabinet,
Who was appointed one of the first cabinet members?
Alexander Hamilton
What did Hamilton do in cabinet?
Laid the foundation for the nations economic system
What did Washington assert?
Federal authority and expanded the US army to win Indian wars on the frontier
Who was Washingtons vice president?
John Adams
Who was Washingtons Secretary of State?
Thomas Jefferson
Who became rivals because their arguements represented different directions for the country?
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
What did the Constitution leave up to the state legislature?
To decide how to manage House of Representative, Senate, and presidential elections
Who elected the Senate until 1913?
State legislatures
What was the nations temporary capital?
New York City
Who confirmed the election of the President?
The Senate
What controversial power did the government have?
Power to set and collect taxes
When and where were Washington and Adams inaugurated?
April 30th, 1789 in new York
What did Hamilton recommend to Washington?
establish a court similar to King George III
What type of court did Washington establish?
Formal state dinners, formal relationships, but avoiding thrones and robes in office
What did people call Washington?
Mr. President
Who build the White House?
Mostly slaves
Who wanted to propose amendments to the Constitution?
James Madison
Did Madison have an easy time getting his amendments passed?
No
How did Washington feel about the amendments?
He believed some were important, and some werent
Theodorick Bland
Suggested a second convention to consider the defects of the Constitution
Madison abandoned his first proposal and came up with what?
Propose amendments to be added at the end of the Constitution
Was his idea passed?
Yes, but Senate changed them a bit
How many amendments did Congress send to the states for radification?
12
Which amendments was most important to the Anti-federalists?
The 10th amendment- the powers not delegated by the United States are reserved to the people
What did the federal government not being able to collect taxes mean?
Federal debts werent being paid off and the financial status of the US was in trouble
could government afford an army to protect the frontier?
no
was their an official national currency?
No
What was the problem with the nation printing a variety of paper notes?
Easily counterfeited which led to inflation
What helped create financial footing for the US?
Congress adopted a 5% customs tax on all import to the US
What else did Congress adopt?
4 senior positions within the executive branch: secretaries of state, war, and the treasury, and an attorney general
what did these positions become?
The first presidential cabinet
Washingtons secretary of state:
Thomas Jefferson
Washingtons secretary of war:
Henry Knox
Washingtons attorney general
Edmund Randolph
Washingtons secretary of treasury:
Alexander Hamilton
What did Hamilton do on his first day of treasury?
negotiated a $50,000 loan from the Bank of New York to keep the government solvent
What else did Hamilton do?
Created a Customs Service to collect the 5% import tax and organized what wold become the US Coast Guard to be sure imports werent smuggled
What report was the foundation of the economic development of the new nation?
Hamiltons Report Relative to a Provision for the support of Public Credit
Why couldnt the state and federal governments borrow money?
Because foreign governments did trust them enough to pay their bills
Effects of the nation not having money
The government could not finance desperately needed activities like the creation of an army, private businesses could not restart commerce,
which had been mostly frozen since the Revolution.
What solution did Hamilton see for the US
The federal government needed to promise to pay ALL war debt off while establishing a tax policy that would show wary observers that the gov. would meet its obligations
Who surprisingly didnt agree with Hamilton?
Madison and Jefferson
Why did some people not agree with Hamilton?
Some states were unhappy that thy had to pay the same amount of money as other states even though they already payed off more debt and farmers thought Hamilton raised too much taxes for them to sustain life
What compromise did Hamilton and Madison make?
If the countries capital would be more south, then Hamilton would have Madison and Jeffersons support on his economic plan
DId the compromise go through?
Yes, the capital was in Philadelphia at Potomac River, and Hamilton got his economic plan
What was the effect that now central banks could give out loans?
expanded the amount of credit available
With the governments guarauntee, how did banks help the economy?
Stimulated commerce and trade, businesses could get loans, and investments in new enterprises could begin
Why was the bank plan bad for southern plantation owners?
It centralized power in big northern cities
Who didnt like banks?
Madison and Jefferson
What did Jefferson fear about banks?
feared banks would keep the rich rich and the poor in poverty
Why were banks hard for farmers?
A long distance away and werent able to access banks
With hearing all the arguements, did Washington sign the bank bill?
Yes
How did this bill effect the country?
Made it more divided
What did Hamilton propose on american coins?
Proposed that US would make uniform coins to use throughout the country, was passed
After Hamilton resigned, who took his place as Secretary of Treasury?
Oliver Wollcott
What was Hamiltons Report on Manufactures about?
a blueprint for the future of the nation
What did Hamilton want?
support for factories that would create finished goods, and wanted all military needs to be fufilled
Free Labor
Hamilton mentioned in his report that immigrants could work in the new upcoming factories
Did Hamilton like slavery?
no
Where did Hamilton get some of his ideas from?
Britain and a Scottish philosopher Adam Smith, who wrote Wealth of Nations
Smith ideas that Hamilton agreed with:
wealth was generated by the free trade of goods and services and by competition to expand trade. This circulates money and lowers cost of goods
What did Smiths book attack?
earlier ideas of mercantilism
What was Washington the most afraid of?
US would lose the land west of the 13 states
Why was Washington worried about this?
Indians in that territory were strong and Britain hadnt removed all forces from forts out West
What did John Sevier do because he was fed up with the lack of protection for western states
led settlers in North Carolina and now Tennessee to create its own state- Franklin
what happened to Franklin?
Their petition to make a state failed, so they considered themselves an independent nation
What was Washingtons first move after taking office?
Tour the USA to see and be seen by citizens
Whiskey Rebellion
Began because of the dislike of Hamilton trying to raise taxes, rebellion failed Washington stopped it
What did Washington start to pay attention to during his 2nd term?
Tension between USA and revolutionary France
How long did Washingtons tour take?
From 1789 to 1791
WHat did his tour allow him to do?
allowed him to
address important issues such as religious freedom, hear from citizens, and personalize
a distant national government
What did Washington do to win against Western Indianss?
expand the army to 1000 men and 15000 state militia in Kentucky, Virginia, and Pennsylvania
Did this work?
no
What were the Iroquois, Miami, and Shawnee determined to do?
allow no white settlement west of the Ohio Valley and demanded US abandoned forts in that territory
What did Washington call on the Indians and who did he appoint as general of US Army
War and Anthony Wayne
Treaty of Greenville
Ended hostilities with Indians and Whites in future states Ohio and Indiana and established Indian reserves while giving the remaining land to whites
Who was the Indian leader?
Little Turtle
Did USA win?
Yes
Where did Indians move?
To British Canada, further in the Louisiana Territory
What did Hamilton want to tax that started the Whiskey Rebellion?
Whiskey
Who didnt support this tax?
Farmers msotly in western Pennsylvania
Why didnt these farmers support it?
Making whiskey was their livelihood and tax it would eat up their profit
What states opposed this tax?
Pennsylvania, North
Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia legislatures
How did proteste escalate?
Tax collectors were shot at, tarred and feathered, or beaten and threatened with
scalping, rebels agreed to fight for the repeal of the tax
and to treat tax collectors with the “contempt they deserve.”
What plans did the 1600 protestors make?
Planned to attack the government to gain weaponry
How did Washington deal with the rebels?
Negotiated with them
How did Washington deal with the rebels?
Negotiated with them
How did Washington end up stopping the Whiskey Rebellion?
Called 12000 militia from states and led them to Pennsylvania where he threatened the rebels
Did this effect the rebels?
yes
What did Washington realize during his 2nd term?
France would soon be at war with Britain and Austria, making American Diplomacy ahrd
How did Washington try to remain neutral in the war?
Creating the Proclamation of Neutrality
Who landed in America and started commissioning US vessels to attack British shipping
Edmond-Charles Genet- Violation of Washingtons policy
What did Washington do in response?
Demanded that the French government recall Genet
Did Americans support the French Revolution?
Yes
What group of people and why didnt they love the French Rev.
Federalists because they worried deference and heirarchy was disappearing too quick in US
Federalists
Pro British and wanted a strong federal government
Democratic Republican Party
Pro French and wanted a small federal government
What did Washington try to do with the parties?
Unify them, did not work
WHy else did America dislike British
They still held forts in USA
Orders in Council
Britain banning all American commercial lnks with France
Who did Washington send to resolve the British problem?
John Jay
Jays Treaty
A treaty with Britain where US made concessions to avert war over the British seizure of American ships
Did Washington like this treaty?
no, but sent it to get radified anyway
Pickneys Treaty
A treaty with Spain that set the border between the United States and Spanish Florida
What was good effect with Pickneys Treaty for farmers?
Western farmers could ship goods down the Mississippi to World Markets
Who did John Adams come to represent?
The Federalists
How did press portray Adams and Jefferson running for pres
Made Adams look good and Jefferson look horribble
Who did Washington want to become president?
Adams
How were the Federalist and DR Partys differences?
So bad, getting almost violent
What did the French Directory decline?
Adams pick to be the ambassador for France, Charles Cotesworth
Who started an undeclared war on USA
France
How did Federalists react to this war?
called for war against France
How did DR Party react to war?
claimed it was fake made up by Federalists
How did Adams resolve the ¨war¨
sent Elbridge Gerry with Pinckney to try to reopen negotiations with France
How did the France negotiations go?
Bad, Frances foreign minister Talleyrand said negotiations could go on only if he was paid a bribe of $250,000 anf French gov. recieved a $12 million loan
XYZ affair
Americans outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats
Quasi War
undeclared war between US and France
What did the Congress create for against France?
Marine Corps and Navy and armed merchant ships so they could attack French ships
Alien and Sedition Acts
Acts making it harder for immigrants to vote and made it a crime to criticize President or COngress
Did Adams request this Act
No, hurt his reputation though
