Chapter 20 Flashcards
Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan of the U.S. Navy
laid the foundation for continued expansion in his book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, published in 1890. Mahan argued that all great nations in history had great navies that could control the world’s oceans and, specifically, that the U.S. Navy needed to be large enough to be a signifcant player in the
Pacific.
Imperialism
The late 1800s in the US had that.
How did people react to American Imperialism?
Some liked it and thought dominatation was great. Others didnt because they didnt want America involved in anything beyond the borders
WHat happened between Alaska and Russia?
Russia never liked the Alaskans and russians exploited western diseases to Native alaskans. In response, Native Alaskans massacred Russian communities at Sitka and Nulato
Why did American want Alaska?
rich fishing,
whaling, and fur trapping that was possible in Alaska
How did America gain Alaska?
negotiators agreed on a price of $7.2 million, and on October 18, 1867, America gained it
Effects of Alaska on America?
Fishing, mining, the fur trade,
and indeed the sale of ice to Californians made Alaska a good investment
How did Native Alaskans feel?
found that they had only substituted
one overlord for another. U.S. troops, miners, and settlers fought with Alaskan tribes as
they had with native peoples further south
Who found Hawaii?
James Cook a British explorer
Why was America interested in Hawaii?
Hawaii’s strategic location halfway between California and Japan and its harbors that were perfect for American whaling vessels greatly interested American and European merchants and U.S. Navy officers.
U.S. control of California with its large Pacific harbors in 1848 and the completion
of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 expanded
U.S. commercial and military interest in
the kingdom of Hawaii.
What agreement between King Kalakua from Hawaii and the American government was made
the Hawaiian government
agreed that it would not grant special trading rights or naval bases to any other country in
return for a promise that Hawaii could ship a steady supply of sugar duty-free to the United
States
What happened when Kalakau died?
His sister Queen Liliuokalani
succeeded him. She sought to regain “Hawaii for the Hawaiians” and reduce the economic and political power of the United States.
How did Americans on Hawaii react?
They didnt like her policy and formed an Annexation Club
The Americans overthrew and seized Hawaii, who was the new minister?
John L. Stevens
Who opposed annexing Hawaii and why?
Cleveland, sensed that there was something unseemly about the whole affair and ended
negotiations with the rebels
Which president supported annexing Hawaii?
McKinley
How did he do it?
McKinley realized that anti-imperialists in the Senate could block the two-thirds vote required to approve the treaty, so the president used the same strategy that
John Tyler had used half a century earlier for Texas. He asked both houses of Congress
to annex the territory by joint-resolution, which required only a majority vote. By June
1898, to the protests of native Hawaiians and the cheers of the planters, Hawaii became a
permanent territory of the United States.
How did USA destroy Cubas economy?
a new U.S. tariff in 1894, strongly influenced by lobbying from the Sugar Trust
in the United States, significantly raised the tariff on imported sugar. The increased
cost of Cuban sugar in the United States, significantly reduced the sales of Cuban sugar
and devastated the Cuban economy.
How did Cubans take this?
Many saw this as an opportunity to gain inependence
Jose Marti
Led revolts and his revolution-ary forces began burning cane fields, killing Spanish soldiers, and making Spanish rule
more costly.
How did the Spanish government deal with this?
creating concentration camps where
they held Cubans in controlled enclaves that separated them from the rebels. Many in
these camps suffered from malnutrition and disease
Who wanted Spain out of Cuba?
William McKinley
How was the US invasion in Cuba?
The U.S. invasion of Cuba was not well managed. American troops arrived wearing
wool uniforms—hardly the right material for a hot Caribbean summer. Even though Roosevelt gained fame for leading mostly African-American troops in a rapid assault on San Juan Hill, the battles in Cuba were generally slow and difficult. In 4 months of fighting, 345 Americans were killed in action while 5,000 died from disease.
Since the United States was at war with Spain, Admiral George Dewey to sail
the U.S. fleet to the Spanish-owned Philippine Islands. The six warships under Dewey’s
command quickly sank the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898,
giving the United States control of a Pacific territory much larger than Cuba.
How did USA taking Puerto Rico go?
some Puerto Ricans welcomed the U.S.
overthrow of Spanish authority, and the indigenous independence movement in
Puerto Rico was not as strong as that in C
How did Spain ask for peace?
In the Treaty of
Paris of December 1898, Spain ceded control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States for a payment of $20 mil-lion. Afterward, the United States promised eventual independence for Cuba.
WHat did the US do with Cuba?
ensuring that the U.S. Navy
would have a perpetual base at Guantanamo Bay.
Why was it hard to control Phillipines?
Their people didnt want to be annexed and they were Chistain
Who called war on USA
Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the Filipino insurrection
WHo opposed war with Philipines?
Anti-Imperialist League, Andrew Carnegie offered to buy the islands from the United States to secure their independence
WHy did many people oppose it?
Most anti-imperialists insisted that the Constitution did not allow for the United
States to acquire any territories that it did not plan to eventually admit as states
WHat did the SUpreme Court rule in 1901?
in the Insular Cases declared that the Philippines and
Puerto Rico were territories, not future states, and that therefore those residing there
were “subjects” not “citizens.”
