Chapter 21 Flashcards
Result of WW1
Communists seized control of Russia
Reaction to communists
some Americans liked it, but many more feared it and wondered whether there might be links between America’s homegrown radicals and Russia.
How did Americans try to gain back money they lost from WW1?
In January 1919, 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike in Seattle, Washington, and a month later, 60,000 workers in other industries joined
them. The week-long Seattle General Strike, when virtually no one in the city went to
work, stands as the largest citywide strike in U.S. history.
WHat began in 1918?
Spanish Flu, killed half a million americans in 1919
Why did people think Communism was coming to America?
Communism seemed to be spread-ing with a revolt in Hungary and uprisings in the old capitals of Vienna and Berlin. Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson toured the country pro-claiming that he had put down a Bolshevik uprising in his city.
What did Senate order?
ordered an investigation
of Russian Bolshevik influence in the United States, weak evidence came back
How did the government respond with this uproar?
The Wilson administration not only asked Congress to extend the war-time Lever Fuel
Act that had prohibited the obstruction of coal distribution during the war but also
asked for a peace-time sedition law to continue some of the wartime restrictions on
civil liberties.
Palmer Raids
A series of raids by U.S. government agents in
1919 and 1920 to find, arrest, and sometimes
deport people considered to be dangerous
radicals.
WHat line did most deportees leave on?
Buford
were the people in the raids smart?
not really, they only suspected people, they didnt have solid evidence
WHat happened in the city of chicago 1919?
While nearly 5,000 public employees—from garbage collectors and street
sweepers to city hall clerks—were on strike, someone put up signs in Chicago’s black
community that said, “We will get you July 4.”
How did people think about this?
The uprising of communist and african americans merged
Red SUmmer
1919, summer where there was divide between balcks and whites, blacks wer lynched
Harding’s normalcy
A word coined by Warren G. Harding while
he was the 1920 Republican presidential
candidate to convey what he thought the
country wanted—a new kind of “normal” free
from war, international entanglements, and
reform efforts
Was anything normal about the era?
no, especially in terms of a national law that banned alcohol, or in
terms of the changing roles of women or the new technologies that changed the
culture
Who was the primary voice of prohibition?
Womens Christian Temperance Union
Anti-Saloon League
Prohibitionists, supported “dry” (sup-porting prohibition) candidates of any party and attacked any politician it considered either “wet” (opposing prohibition) or insufficiently dry, John rockefeller supported it
Charles Stelzle
Knew that Saloons
were often where ethnic groups could maintain language and tradition, people thought of it as freedom
How did immigrants feel about prohibition?
many recent immigrants experienced
prohibition as an attack on their cultures and some of prohibition’s strongest advocates did little to discourage such an assumption.
In December 1917, Congress—with intensive lobbying by the Anti-Saloon
League—
passed the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting the
manufacture, transport, and sale of liquor
Volstead Act, sponsored by Minnesota Representative Andrew J.
Volstead,
banning not only hard liquor but also wine and beer—anything with more than
½ of 1 percent alcohol. Violating the law carried as much as a $1,000 fine.
The Colosimo murder
Chicago gangster known
as “Big Jim” Colosimo owned saloons and brothels across the city. Colosimo’s nephew and business manager, JohnnyTorrio, had moved from Brooklyn to Chicago to work for him in 1909, and both men had become millionaires. One day, Torrio asked Colosimo to meet a load of whiskey that Torrio was having delivered to one of their cafés. Colosimo showed up on schedule and, as he walked through the dining room, someone emerged from the cloakroom and shot him. Colosimo died instantly. While no evidence was
ever found that Torrio or his new bodyguard from Brooklyn, Al Capone, was involved
in the murder, Torrio—aided by Capone—quickly took control of the liquor business in Chicago
AL Capone
By 1929, Capone had consolidated his control of illegal liquor in Chicago. He also controlled much of the police force, the elected political leadership, and the courts of Chicago and had his own squad of gunmen and rumrunners to bring illegal alcohol to the city
WHat president had Capone arrested?
Herbert Hoover
the government set aside three large oil reserves-
two in California at Elk Hills and Buena Vista and one in Wyoming at Teapot Dome
Who helped transfer the oil reserves from the Navy Department to the Interior?
William Harding
WHat happned when Japans Navy needed oil?
Fall secretly leased the reserves to oil companies owned by his friends Harry F. Sinclair and Edward Doheny for very low rates. The two pumped oil from the reserves, paying a royalty, in oil, to the Navy. The Navy got
the oil it needed in Hawaii. Sinclair and Doheny made a considerable profit.
Why was this bad?
Sincalir and Doheney was stealing money,
Teapot Dome
The name given to a major scandal of the
Harding presidency in which U.S. Navy oil
reserves, including those at Teapot Dome,
Wyoming, were used to enrich the secretary
of the interior and his friend
WHat did the Supreme Court deam this as?
declared both leases “illegal and fraudulent,”
Other Harding scandals
Harding’s appointee as head of the Veterans’ Bureau, Charles R. Forbes, managed to lose some $200 million in 2 years, buying new goods at a high price from friends and selling goods on hand as cheap surplus.
Carrie Chapman Catt’s
active member of both the Women’s Christian
Temperance Union and the National American Woman Suffrage Association. The organizations provided a network for her to meet other women, and those connections would determine the rest of her career. Catt served two terms as president of the
NAWSA from 1900 to 1904 and again during the crucial years from 1915 to 1920.
Jeannette Rankin introduced the “Anthony Amendment,”
the woman’s suffrage amendment, to the House of Representatives on January 10, 1918. The amendment the House 274 to 136.
Last part of AMendment 19
NAWSA helped defeat four antisuffrage senators in November 1918, and the amendment was approved and sent on to the states in June 1919. A little more than a year
later, the Tennessee legislature gave the amendment the required 36 state. On August
26, 1920, the secretary of state announced that the amendment had been ratifed
Flappers
Dressed differnet, explored sexuality, rebelled against standards on women, drank, smoked, and determined to have equal rights wih men
Sheppard-Towner Act
providing federal funds for
prenatal and infant care
Cable Act
protecting the citizenship rights of American women who married non citizens
Margaret Sanger
organized a birth control conference for physicians and researchers in New York City founded the American Birth
Control League
In 1923, she opened a physician-run birth control clinic since only physicians were allowed to dispense birth control infor-mation in the 1920s
She organized several international conferences on birth control
in the 1920s
She tested federal laws against the importation of foreign-made contraceptives and won
the American Birth Control League became
Planned Parenthood with Sanger as honorary chair
What technology changed culture?
radio and motion picutres
WHat did the first radio station KDKA play?
the election returns in the Harding-Cox presidential contest in November 1920,
it ushered in a new era in news and entertainment. hundreds of stations were reporting news; playing records; covering religious services, sports events, and political campaigns; and broadcasting live concerts
Radio Act
which created a plan to license radio stations and regulate the wavelengths at which
they broadcast.
WHat also grew in the 1920s?
Auto-related industries such as steel, paint, textile, and tire production along with
highway construction
The pace of
suburbanization was quickened when
General Motors purchased a number of streetcar companies and tore up the tracks, replacing the service with General Motors buses.
What did newspapers effect?
New age heroes like Babe Ruth, increasing the populariy of baseball
Great Migration
The mass movement of African-Americans
from the rural South to the urban North,
spurred especially by new job opportunities
that began during World War I and the 1920s
How did WW1 create new opportunities for African Americans?
As work expanded, factories in the North needed more workers. The Illinois Central Railroad, which ran straight from the heart of the cotton-growing Mississippi Delta to job-rich
Chicago, enabled those who were moving. Newspapers also helped tell africans what jobs were available
WHat began in the Mississippi Delta?
Black music reflected the emotions of those who moved North. The blues, music
born out of gospel, ragtime, and jazz, began on back porches, small town bars and
dance halls, and prison cells
Chicago’s black
population grew from
44,000 in 1910 to 109,000 in 1920 to 234,000 in 1930
WHo tried to stop African American migration?
Cotton planters because Plantation owners opposed anything more than rudimentary education for blacks so they would have few skills to take north.
What careers were blacks in?
Most Northern black men were janitors, porters, servants, or waiters
while black women were cooks, laundresses, maids, or servants. Still, there was of en
conf ict between these long-time urban blacks and the newcomers from the South
who started arriving in large numbers af er 1917
Harlem Renaissance
A new African-American cultural awareness
that flourished in literature, art, and music in
the 1920
Marcus Gavey
established the Universal Negro Improvement
and Conservation Association and African Communities League (UNIA) in Jamaica
in August 1914.
WHat was Gaveys message?
rejecting integration with
white America and focusing on self-help, self-determination, and African nationalism
Black Star Line
Gaveys shipping Line, to carry passengers and
freight between the United States, the islands of the Caribbean, and Africa. It was also Garvey’s downfall. Selling stock at $5 per share,
Garvey eventually collected over $750,000, perhaps much more. But whether through
mismanagement or corruption, or both, the line floundered
Black Star Line
Gaveys shipping Line, to carry passengers and
freight between the United States, the islands of the Caribbean, and Africa. It was also Garvey’s downfall. Selling stock at $5 per share,
Garvey eventually collected over $750,000, perhaps much more. But whether through
mismanagement or corruption, or both, the line floundered
Who attacked the Black Star Line?
lacks as well as whites. In December 1920,
W.E.B. Du Bois published an indictment of the Black Star Line
What happened to Gavey?
arrested for fraud, convicted, and sentenced to 5 years in federal prison in 1923
and began serving his term in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in February 1925.
Who recreated the KKK?
William Joseph Simmons in 1915
KKK slogan and what it advocated for?
“One flag, one school,
one Bible.” It advocated for strict enforcement
of Prohibition and—ironically, some thought—
a cabinet-level Department of Education that
would ensure that all American children were
taught Klan-defined patriotism, or “100%
Americanism.
who was challenging the KKK?
Catholic Knights of Columbus and anti-Klan American Unity League
eugenics
.
A movement that claimed scientific basis
to apply Darwinian theory to the “natural
selection” of the “fittest” human beings to
reproduce and improve the human race
Who started eugenics?
Francis Galton
what was passed to limit immigration?
literscy tests for immigrants
What did Albert Johnson do when limiting immigrants??
he referred to the 1890 quota which had less immigrants
What countires were hurt by thid?
Japan China Italy Ruminia
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
arrested on May 5,
1920, for robbery and the murder of a paymaster and guard of a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts. After a long
series of appeals, reviews, and massive public protests, during which Sacco
and Vanzetti maintained their innocence, their conviction was upheld and
they were executed at Charlestown Prison on August 23, 1927
How was this significant
Opponents of immigration and of political radi-calism generally assumed that they were guilty simply because they were
immigrants and self-confessed anarchists. For others, winning freedom
for Sacco and Vanzetti could be, depending on one’s view, a blow struck
for the cause of anarchism, or for the rights of immigrants, or simply the
right to a fair trial.
Famers Depression
Farmers were producing lots during WW1 because there was a need for many supplies. When WW1 ended, the need went drastically down and a depression hit, farmers were stuck with too much food and not enough money. Many wheat and grain farmers faced this the hardest
How was nature against the farmers?
Too much rain, whch flooded into the Mississippi TIver and ruined crops
WHat high school course were people on edge with?
biology
Fundamentalism represented
a new militant form of Protestantism and a much more pessimistic view of modern society. Protestants have traditionally been optimistic
about the future. Fundamentalists were pessimistic about a sinful world. They saw the
United States of the 1920s, with its open f outing of Prohibition laws, the questionable
moral standards of the flappers, the growth of Catholic and Jewish immigrant communities, and the teaching of evolution in the schools, as full of evil.
John Thomas Scopes,
Teacher that as required by Tennessee regulations, used Hunter’s A Civic Biology
textbook in his classes. In following the mandated state curriculum, he also violated a
Tennessee law against the teaching of evolution.
The American Civil Liberties
Union (ACLU), however, saw these new laws as an assault on free speech and
placed
ads in newspapers, including the Chattanooga Times, asking for volunteers to test the
law and promising legal counsel. Scopes was a trial member
Scope Results
Scopes admitted he had vio-lated the law, and he was found guilty and f ned $100, though the Tennessee Supreme
Court threw the case out on a technicality to avoid appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court,
which the ACLU wanted.
Washington
Conference in 1921 (Harding)
try to end the competition among the United States, Britain,
and Japan to build up their navies.
Five Powers Treaty (harding)
slowed the worldwide navy build up
and established limits on battleships, battle cruisers, and aircraf carriers in a ratio of 5
each for the United States and Britain, 3 each for Japan, and 1.75 each for France and
Italy. No limits were set for other types of ships.
When harding died who was president?
Calvin Coolidge
The Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928 international treaty that denounced
aggression and war but lacked provisions for
enforcement.
How was the act not obeyed?
U.S. government
under Coolidge also enthusiastically encouraged engagement with Latin America,
maintaining military force in some countries and doubling investment in others.
1892 election
Hoover vs. Smith: Smith was wet and catholic, Hoover was dry and Protestant, religion helped him win
