key terms 2 Flashcards
1
Q
generalised motor programme
A
basic form of each movement stored in LTM, modifications may be made to meet the specific parameters which define exactly how the movement is to be done
2
Q
gentleman amateur
A
wealthy and high social position
did not need financial compensation to participate in sport
3
Q
glycolysis
A
process of breaking down glycogen into pyruvic acid, producing 4 atp
4
Q
golden triangle
A
link between sports events, sponsorship by businesses and media
5
Q
guidance
A
info to aid the learning of he skill
visually
verbally
manually
mechanically
6
Q
hicks law
A
relationship between the number of choices and reaction time.
the more choices that are available the slower the reaction time
7
Q
homefield advantage
A
the concept that playing at home has an advantage effect for the home team
8
Q
horizontal component
A
horizontal motion of n object in parabolic flight
9
Q
hulls drive theory
A
arousal that suggests linear relationship between arousal and performance, as arousal increases so does performance
10
Q
hydration
A
means the body has the correct amount of water in cells, tissues nd organs to function correctly
11
Q
hypertonic drinks
A
glucose in drink is greater than in blood
12
Q
hypotonic drinks
A
glucose is lower than blood
13
Q
imagery
A
process o imaging yourself in particular environment or situation by using all relevant senses, creating vivid mental picture
14
Q
individual needs
A
personal fitness needs based on age, ender fitness level and the sport which the person is training
15
Q
industrialization
A
mechanization of the manufacturing industry
16
Q
intangible rewards
A
external rewards tht cannot be touched
17
Q
interally paced skill
A
timing of skill determined by performer
18
Q
interval training
A
work to rest ratio that is repeated
19
Q
inverted u hypothesis
A
optimal performance occurs when the performer reaches optimal level of arousal
20
Q
isometric
A
muscle stays same length
21
Q
isotonic
A
tension remains the same but muscle changes length
22
Q
isotonic drinks
A
glucose is the same s blood
23
Q
karvonens theory
A
target HR= (target HR range x %intensity) + resting HR
24
Q
autocratic leadership style
A
leader makes all decisions
discourages coach-athlete interaction
25
democratic leadership style
leader shares decisions making and is concerned with developing relationships
26
laissez-faire leadership style
leader takes a lower profile role and lets others made the decisions
27
learned helplessness
the belief aht failure is inevitable because of negative previous experiences
28
locus of causality
the internal/ external factors that a performer believes causes an event or outcome
29
locus of control
the extent to which a performer believes that the outcome was within their control or not
30
locus of stability
the stable/ unstabld factors that a performer believes casues an event or outcome
31
long term athlete development
programme designed to enable an athlete to move through stages of structured development
32
LTM
third compartment of the memory model, relatively permanent storage of large amounts of info
33
magnus effect
sideways foce on a spinning objet due to the pressure differences tht develop as a result of velocity changes caused by the spinning object
34
mass participation
concept where large numbers of a population are involved in regular physical activity
35
massed practice
practice that occurs without rets between trials
36
max aerobic fitness
max volume of oxygen that can be utilised in one minute
37
max strength
max force that can be developed in a muscle or group during a single maximal contraction
38
max speed
time tken to move body through a movement over a predetermined distance or speed
39
mental practice
mentl rehersal of a skill or movement, with no ctual physical movement being taken place
40
merchandising
the practice in which the brand or image from one prodct i sed to sell another
41
migraqtion patterns of sporting labour
The movement of sporting workers across the world.
42
Moment of inertia
The resistance of a body to a change of state when rotating.
43
motor neruones
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.
44
morotr programme
An abstract code or generalised series of movements stored in the long-term memory.
45
moror units
A motor neurone and the muscle fibres it controls.
46
movement time
Time from the start of the response or movement to the completion of the movement.
47
muscular christinanity
An evangelical movement where Christianity was linked to physical development. A healthy mind in a healthy body.
48
myofibril
Part of a muscle fibre. Contains sarcomeres and the contractile proteins actin and myosin.
49
myoglobin
Protein found in the sarcoplasm. It has a high affinity for oxygen and helps transport oxygen from the capillary to the mitochondria.
50
myosin
thick protein
51
NACH
The motivation to succeed or attain particular goals; people with nACH personalities show approach behaviour.
52
NAF
The motivation to avoid failure; people with nAF personalities show avoidance behaviour.
53
one rep max
The motivation to avoid failure; people with nAF personalities show avoidance behaviour.
54
open loop
A control system with a predetermined set of instructions to perform a motor skill while feedback or an error detection process is available. No compensatory adjustments during the performance of a motor skill can be made.
55
open skill
A motor skill performed in an unpredictable, changing environment which dictates how and when the skill is performed
56
operant conditioniung
A form of learning where an individual forms an association between a particular behavioural response and a particular reinforcement (S-R Bond).
57
optimal loading
A rehabilitation programme to encourage faster recovery.
58
overtraining
Where a person trains too much, too often or with too little time for recovery between training sessions, risking injury or illness or an imbalance between training and recovery.
59
melting pot
Oxbridge or other universities became a ‘melting pot’ for games. Different games were taken to Oxbridge, where they mixed and became standardised version of game(s).
60
part practice
A method of practice where the skill is broken down into sub-routines.
61
partial pressure
The pressure a gas exerts in a mixture of gases.
62
pay per view
A system by which the television viewer can pay for a private telecast to their home of an event.
63
perception
The process of acquiring, selecting and organising sensory information
64
performance goals
Goals related to performance, which can be judged against other performances.
65
periodisation
Dividing an overall training programme into parts/periods that are designed to achieve different goals.
66
personaility trait
Relatively general and enduring personal characteristics which predispose a person to think and behave in certain ways in given situations.
67
PC
An energy-rich compound of creatine and phosphoric acid, found in muscle cells.
68
playing professional
Workers of a low social position who needed financial compensation to afford to participate in sport.
69
plyometrics
A movement involving an eccentric contraction immediately before a concentric contraction.
70
popular recreations
Sporting activities before the industrial revolution
71
pressure gradient
When there is a difference in neighbouring or adjoining pressures.
72
prime mover
The muscle that is directly responsible for creating the movement produced at a joint.
73
proactive transfer
When a previously learned skill influences the way a new skill is learned.
74
process goals
Goals over which an individual has complete control in order to deal with the technique/tactic needed to perform well, for example run at 5-minute mile pace. They help focus attention and reduce anxiety.
75
pogresive part practice
A method of practice where the skill is broken down into parts, each part learnt and then linked and practised as a sequence.
76
PNF
A muscle group is passively stretched, then contracts isometrically against a resistance while in a stretched position, and is then passively stretched again.
77
psychological refractory period
The delay in response to the second of two closely spaced stimuli, e.g. dodging or feinting to go one way then going another. This is as a result of the single channel hypothesis: the PRP is due to the brain’s inability to deal with two stimuli simultaneously.
78
rate oif eorcieved exertion
A subjective rating (on the Borg Scale) of how hard the performer thinks their body is working based on their physical sensations during exercise, such as increased heart rate, breathing rate, sweating and muscle fatigue.
79
reational recreation
A term associated with the development of sport that occurred during the industrial revolution, resulting in the codification and organisation of modern sport.
80
recall schmea
A recall schema contains all the information required before a motor programme is selected and performed. This is based on the initial conditions and response specifications
81
recognition schema
A recognition schema contains information needed to make corrections to a faulty performance and remember the correct performance. This is based on movement outcomes and sensory consequences.
82
reinforcement
Process by which a connection (bond) between a stimulus and a response is established and developed.
83
retroactive transfer
When a newly learned skill influences a previously learned skill.
84
reversibility
The reversibility principle dictates that athletes lose the beneficial effects of training when they stop working out. Conversely, it also means that detraining effects can be reversed when athletes resume training.
85
ringleman effect
The diminishing contribution of each individual as group size increases
86
schema theory
A mental framework or outline which functions to provide the ‘building blocks’ of decision making and movement from stored information for motor programme formation.
87
selective attention
The process of picking out and focusing on those parts of the display that are relevant to performance and filtering out irrelevant information
88
self efficacy
A situation-specific form of self-confidence (Bandura).
89
self confidence
A person’s belief in their ability to achieve success.
90
serial skill
A series of specific (discrete) movements chained together in a sequence.
91
shamateurism
The blurring of the distinction between amateurs and professionals as a result of the commercialisation of sport, resulting in a compromise in the ethics associated with an amateur.
92
shin splints
Inflammation of the periosteum of the tibia brought on by exercise or overtraining.
93
STM
The second of the three memory compartments; a short-term store for information to be processed. The STM Links the STSS to the LTM. The capacity of STM is 6 to 9 items of information and duration is around 20 to 30 seconds.
94
stss
The first of three memory compartments involved in information processing as part of the perceptual mechanism concerned with initial storage of information, which may last only one second.
95
significant other
People who are held in high regard by an individual.
