Intro to Herbal Medicine Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards
__% of the world uses herbal medicine
80%
Methods of application of herbal supplements (10)
- herbal teas (infused and decoction)
- bolus
- electuary
- formentation
- liniment
- poultice and plaster
- salve
- smoking
- syrup
- tincture
Infusion vs decoction**
Taking parts of plant that are steeped in tightly covered container brought to a rolling boil, herbs are not boiled while decoction is from bark, stems, and roots and involves simmering for 1 hour
Herbal teas
Infused or decocted solutions that are very strong and useful for treating chronic ailments when doses are taken over several weeks and more appropriate in tincture*****
Bolus (herbal)
Suppository inserted into rectum or vagina for treatment of hemorrhoids or irritation applied at night
Electuary
Old fashioned way of giving unpalatable herbs to children thru mixing small amount of herb with honey, maple syrup, or peanut butter (DON’T want kids under age of 1 to have honey)**
Formentation
Also known as a compress, external application of herbs to treat swelling, pain, etc by applying a towel to affected area, uses salicylates in origin and can improve circulation of blood and lymph
Liniment
Herbal extracts rubbed to skin, used to treat pain and increase circulation, preserved using vit E oil
Poultice and plaster
Herbal treatment used to draw out infection thru application to the skin to relieve inflammation and draw blood flow found on eruptions, bites, etc, for example capsaicin cream for shingles unbroken skin
Smoking
Herbal remidy by smoking herbs, do not contain nicotine and other addicting substances and can help cure smoking addiction lobelia***, but should require caution
Salve
Prep applied to skin and remains in place due to thick consistency
Syrup
Treatment for coughs and sore throats, herbs strained from being boiled down
Tinctures (herbal med)
Highly conc. herbal extracts that are kept for long time because preserved in alcohol, great for herbs that need to be taken internally over long periods of time but may also be used as a liniment
Alteratives
Herbal properties that alter the body’s condition in a favorable way
Analgesics
Herbal properties that relieve pain and can also be used as antispasmodics
Anacids
Herbal properties that neutralize excess acids in the stomach and protect lining
Antiabortives
Herbal properties that in small doses prevent premature uterine contractions
Antiasthmatics
Herbal properties that are strong antispasmodics that dilate bronchioles or break up mucus
Antibiotics
Herbal properties that are bactericidal
Anticatarrhals and examples (3)**
Herbal properties that eliminate or counteract the formation of mucus including black pepper, cayenne, ginger
Antipyretics
Herbal properties such as alfalfa that bring down fever
Aphrodisiacs
Herbal properties that improve libido, blood flow to erection, etc
Astringents
Herbal properties that have a constricting or binding effect used for treatment of bleeding
Carminatives***
Herbal properties that are used for alleviation of gas
Cholagogues***
Herbal properties that promote flow and discharge of bile into small intestine and also act as laxative
Demulcents***
Herbal properties that are soothing, usually muclaginous, taken internally to sooth inflamed tissue
Emmenagoguse***
Herbal properties that promote menstruation causing it to come earlier someteimes with increased flow
Galactogogues***
Herbal properties that increase secretion of milk for lactating mothers
Nervines/nerve tonics***
Herbal properties that help calm nervous tension and nourish the nervous system
Rubefacients***
Herbal properties that increase blood flow at surface of skin, draw inflammation and congestion from deeper areas
FDA responsibilities regarding herbal products
- prohibit poisonous or deleterious substances or any dietary supplement or ingredient that presents significant unreasonable risk of injury, impose requirements on sanitary conditions, collect and oversee mandatory reports of ADR’s, prohibit any ingredient which there is inadequate info to provide reasonable assurance that it does not present significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury, regulate dietary labels and prohibit misbranding
- do NOT standardize product in terms of ingredients and conc. FDA is NOT responsible for research about the efficacy
Pharmacognosy/phytotherapy
Study of medicines derived from natural sources that have or produce physical, chemical, biological, or biochemical prodcuts that affect well being
Herbalist
Has special training in use of plants and other natural substances to improve health, promote healing, and prevent and treat illness
Chamomile use and mech of action and ADR’s (1)
- Primarily used for dyspepsia, flatulance, insomnia
- Apigenin and azulene (antiinflammatories comparable to NSAIDS)
- allergic to aster (ray) flowers should not use
Ginseng use and mech of action and dosing and ADR’s (4)
- Main kind is panax gensing (American or Asian) used as an aphordisiac and stimulant
- Acts like caffeine when consumed but without a sudden kick
- dose has been standardized to .03%, ensure patient cycles dose
- worsens hypertension, diabetes, low blood pressure, and caffeine potentiation
Echinacea use and mech of action and ADR’s (3)
Used for immunostimulation to prevent URI’s cold, UTI, cancer, etc
- increases WBC and has antiinflammatory properties
- Avoid in autoimmune, allergic, or diabetic neurpathy
Goldenseal use and mech of action and ADR’s (2)
- Used for mucus membrane infections, digestive aid, UTI, and cirrhosis, CANNOT mask drugs in urine***
- Antimicrobial and anti-infective
- HTN, lactation
Milk thistle use and mech of action and ADR (1)
- Liver tonic/detox and mushroom poisoning
- antioxidant
- contraindicated in hormone sensitive conditions
Kava use and mech of action and ADR (1)
- Addictive sedative alleviates depression and anxiety and can cause somnolence
- kavalactones that act on the limbic system
- liver failure with chronic use
Valerian use and mech of action and ADRs (2)
- Sedative for sleep disorders and anxiety
- Inhibits reuptake of GABA
- can have opposite effects in certain individuals with ADHD, sleepiness
Peppermint use and mech of action and ADR’s (1)
- GI spasm, indigestion, IBS, analgesia
- Stimulates bile production
- worsens gallbladder disease
Garlic and other alliums use and mech of action and ADR (1)
- can treat those with metabolic syndrome, best eaten raw in diet
- inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis
- anticoagulant and bleeding
Ginkgo biloba use and mech of action and ADR (1)
- cerebrovascular insufficiency, cognitive disorders, dementia, SSRI induced sexual dysfunction
- vasodilator
- Bleeding disorders
Saw Palmetto use and mech of action and ADR (1)
- Treat BPH, increase libido, prevents male pattern baldness
- inhibits 5-a-reductase conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
- breast cancer patients
Yohimbe use and mech of action and ADR (2)
- Used to increase blood flow to genitals in males
- a2 adrenergic blocker
- patients with angina or hypertension should avoid
St. John’s Wort use and mech of action and ADR (2)
- Treats mild to moderate depression, the redder the oil the more potent***
- Has dopaminergic or SSRI effects
- sunburn susceptibility and certain drug metabolism
Black cohosh use and mech of action and ADR’s (1)
- Dysmenorrhea, menopausal symptoms, premenstraul syndrome
- blocks serotonin reuptake
- hormone sensitive conditions
Cannabidol oil
Extract of marijuana that we do not know the full function of but is approved in some states as an anti-inflammatory
Only 2 conditions FDA has approved Cannabidol for treatment of
- lennox gastaut syndrome
- dravet syndrome
Majority of states that have legalized medical marijuana require…
….a medical marijuana ID card
Precautions with marijuana use (3)
- geriatric patients (fall)
- operating machinery or driving impairment
- may potentiate other drugs
Alfalfa
Herb often used for type 2 hyperlipoproteinemia, can cause hypersensitivity rxn
Chamomile
Herb often used for GI inflammation and flatulance as well as insomnia, can cause hypersensitivity rxn
Calendula
Herb often used for anal fissures, diabetic foot ulcers, diaper rash, peeling skin, etc, shoud not be used in pregnant patients or those with allergies
Elderberry
Herb often used for treatment of constipation and the flu, should be avoided in patients with autoimmune diseases as it can increase symptoms
Capsaicin
Herb often used for topical treatment of muscle/joint/neuropathic pain, can cause erythema at application site
Arnica
Herb often used for osteoarthritis, considered poisonous if taken by mouth!!!
Cinnamin bark (cassia cinnamon)
Herb often used for GI upset, must be limited in ingestion to prevent high levels which can cause hepatotoxic effects
Chasteberry
Herb often used for acne, BPH, impotence, female infertility, and other reproductive issues
Lavender
Herb often used for anxiety, alopecia, and as bug repellant but can cause constipation orally or gynecomastia when applied as an oil
L-lysine
Herb often used for athletic performance enhancement, can cause diarrhea and abdominal pain as well as kidney issues
Evening primrose oil
Herb often used for coronary artery disease and other vascular disease, can cause headache or indigestion as a side effect
Black cohosh
Herb often used for PMS or menopausal symptoms, contraindicated in any hormone sensitive conditiions of the female and pregnancy
Kava
Herb often used for anxiety, can cause liver damage and is possibly unsafe if taken orally
Licorice root
Herb often used for adrenocortical insufficiency, can cause hypertension as a side effect
Uva ursi
Herb often used as a urinary tract antibacterial, possibly effective but should not be used long term
Yohimbe
Herb often used to treat erectile dysfunction and exercise performance, can cause hypertension and should be avoided in schizophrenic patients
Turmeric
Herb often used for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, excess use can cause GI upset
Niacin
Herb often used to lower LDL and raise HDL and lower triglycerides, can cause flush and pruritis as side effects
Dandelion leaves
Herb often used for inflammatory diseases, may slow blood clotting and can be risk for allergic rxn
Panax ginseng
Herb often used for stamina or aphordesiac, can cause heart palpitations or anxiety as a side effect
St John’s Wort
Herb often used for depression, anxiety, or OCD, but can cause fatigue, GI discomfort, and agitation
Echinacea
Herb often used for common cold or infection, can cause fever and N/V as side effects
Bilberry
Herb often used for angina or circulation problems, side effects can be anemia
Ginger root
Herb often used as an antiemetic or for dyspepsia, may cause cardia arrhythmias in excess
Ginkgo biloba
Herb used to treat anxiety and other neurological disorders, can increase risk for some cancers
Grape seed extract
Herb often used to treat heart disease, generally considered safe
Red yeast rice
Herb often used to lower high LDL cholesterol, should not use if cannot tolerate statins (its the same thing)
Fennel
Herb often used for URI or illness, can cause tightness of chest and thorat
Passion flower
Herb often used for ADHD, anxiety, etc, can cause potential QT prolongation
Hops
Herb often used for psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and ADHD, big ADR is contact dermatitis
Valerian
Herb often used for psychiatric disorders such as insomnia or epilepsy, can be hepatotoxic in high dose
Yohimbe
Herb often used for menopausal and menstrual symptoms as well as hypertension, can cause photodermatitis as a side effect
Milk thistle
Herb often used as a liver detox, can cause hypersensitivity rxn
Melatonin
Herb often used for sleep related disease, relatively few ADR’s
Fish oil
Herb often used for high triglycerides, can cause upset stomach or frequent belching
Fenugreek
Herb often used for diabetes, can cause hypersensitivity rxn
