Biology of Cancer Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards
Cancer is a disease of the…
…genome
Caretaker genes
Genes that function to maintain the integrity of the genome
Oncogenes in a healthy individual are in a state of ___, while tumor suppressor genes are ___
inactivity, active
Over 400 tumor suppressor genes exist in this animal causing prevalence of cancer to be near zero.
What is the difference between acquired and inherited somatic mutations?
Elephant, acquired are received thruout the lifetime due to spontaneous mutation and make up the majority of mutations, while inherited are those that an individual receives from parents
2 hallmarks of solid tumor malignancy
- anorexia
- cachexia (muscle wasting)
Cancers associated with selected genetic mutations (Philadelphia chromosome, P210, ALK, BRCA)
CML, Myeloid expansion in bone marrow, lung cancer, breast/ovary
2 types of cancers that almost never metastasize
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma on the skin
2 serotypes of HPV that are associated with cervix cancer
16 and 18
Organism agent promoting cancer development
Helicobacter pylori
Common chemoprotective agents (5)
Tamoxifen Oral contraceptives Topical sunscreen Lycopene (prostate) aspirin (colon and breast cancer)
Family history screen 7 for BRCA1/2 risk assessment
A questionnaire of 7 questions where one positive response initiates referral for screening
If a breast is too dense for x ray mammography, 2 alternatives are…
…ultrasound and MRI
Once an individual has a positive screen, they are referred to…..
…A respective specialist who will then take a sample which after being sent to pathology is diagnosed
Once a single lymph node is involved in a cancer….
….survival rate drops substantially, it is considered stage II at least at that point
TNM system for stage 0, I, II, IIIA,B,C, and IV
Stage 0 T0N0M0 Stage I T1N0M0 Stage II T1-2N1M0 Stage IIIA T1-3,N2,M0 Stage IIIB T4NanyM0 Stage IIIC TanyN2M0 Stage IV TanyNanyM1
5 year survival rate for cancer is determined by…
…what stage it is at, regardless of what type
Li fraumeni syndrome
A collection of cancers that are related to the defective tumor suppressor gene TP53 including breast, leukemia, brain, etc
Lynch (hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer) syndrome
A collection of cancers that are related to the defective tumor suppressor genes MSH2 causing colon cancer without polyps which is unique
Lung cancer in someone who has never smoked or exposed to smoke is most likely due to…
…radon exposure
Signs that would indicate referral for woman with pelvic mass to gynecologic oncologist
- elevated CA 125 level
- ascites
- abdominal or fixed pelvic mass
- evidence of abdominal or distant metastases
Most ovarian cancers are what type? What are 2 concerns regarding ovarian cancer?
Serous carcinoma of the surface epithelium of the ovary, although all tissue in the ovary can become cancerous and they are free in the peritoneum meaning they can spread thru that space and potentially distantly metastasize
Superficial spreading melanoma
A very treatable form of melanoma that grows outward opposed to deep and with large excision can be easily detected and treated fully
Condition of “stuck on lesions” that many confuse with malignant nodular melanoma
Seborrheic keratoses
ABCDE of melanoma
Asymmetry (unbalanced) Border (not smooth) Color (more than one) Diameter (thicker than pencil eraser) Evolving (progressing)