Female Physiology Lecture Powerpoint Flashcards
This is gon be bad mmmkay
2 phases of the female ovarian cycle
Follicular phase and luteal phase
GnRH is released by….
Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in a pulsatile function into the hypophyseal portal system
Follicular phase can vary between ____ and ___ days, the luteal phase is almost always ____ days
10-20, 14
Low body fat decreases leptin. This inhibits what hormone’s release?
GnRH
FSH and LH are released by…
anterior pituitary in response to GnRH
2 phases of the female menstrual cycle
Proliferative and secretory phases
Inhibitors of GnRH (6)
- Dopamine
- seratonin
- GABA
- CRH
- Opoid B endorphin
- Excess DHEAs
Activators of GnRH (6)
- Epi
- Norepi
- leptin
- Galantin
- neuropeptide Y
- Gulatmate
Activin is released by…
The ovary
Activin function
Positive effect on FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary, inhibit produciton of progesterone
Inhibin is released by…
The ovary
Inhibin function
Negative effect on FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary
Follistatin is released by…
The ovary
Follistatin function
Inhibits FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary AND inhibits activin activity from the ovary
Estrogen and progesterone must be used together hormone replacement therapy. Why?
Progesterone prevents the overgrowth of the endometrial lining preventing uterine cancer from unregulated estrogen levels
Neuropeptide Y function
Stimulates GnRH release from the hypothalamus at low levels, inhibits GnRH release at high levels, low estrogen causes an increase in neuropeptide Y levles
Leptin function
Stimulates GnRH release from the hypothalamus, too much or too little will have a negative impact on GnRH release
Too much DHEAs from obesity or PCOS causes….
…An inhibitory effect of GnRH release
Epi and norepi function
Stimulates GnRH release from the hypothalamus
Dopamine and seratonin function
Inhibits GnRH release from the hypothalamus
Angiotensin II action
Regulation of norepi and dopamine to either start or stop menstruation in the result of regulating blood pressure
Somatostatin function
Has a negative effect on growth hormone, prolactin, and TSH
Galanin is release from…
The Hypothalamus
Galanin function
Release from the hypothalamus and enters the portal circulation to have a positive effect on LH secretion from the anterior pituitary
What inhibits galanin? What sitmulates it?
Dopamine and somatostatin / TRH
Melatonin is released from…
Pineal gland
Melatonin function
Inhibition of GnRH release at the hypothalamus
KISS1
Gene that encodes for kisspeptin, linked to stimulate GnRH pulsatile release
A lack of KISS1 expression
Results in a lack of GnRH, –> hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism causes…
Results in Kallmann syndrome with no sense of smell
CRH and GABA have a ____ effect on GnRH, glutamate has a ____
Negative, positive
Day 1 of menstrual cycle is the start of….
Menses
How many days after ovulation do you bleed?
14 days
An easy way to tell if someone has ovulated is….
…Look at progesterone levels
Proliferative phase corresponds to the….
Follicular phase
Luteal phase corresponds to the….
secretory phase
Menses are brought on by declining levels of these 3 hormones, and an increase in this hormonal level
Estrogen, progesterone, inhibin / FSH
Highlights day 1 -7 follicular phase
- Menstruation as endometrial lining sloughs off due to low estrogen progesterone
- Low estrogen inhibits release of FSH LH, but FSH and LH release is slowly increasing the estrogen conc (Theca cells bind LH and produce androstedione) (Follicular cells bind FSH and produce aromatase that converts androstedione into estrogen)
Estrogen at low conc. has a ___ effect on LH and FSH, this changes at a high conc. to a ____
- Inhibitory
- Stimulatory (LH surge)
Highlights day 7-14 follicular phase
- LH surge occurs with positive feedback from estrogen, this triggers the follicle to secrete progesterone in low conc.
- Low conc. of progesterone (measured in ovulation predictor kits) stimulate FSH surge occurring immediately prior to ovulation
- Follicular rupture of mature follicle, remaining die via atresia
Highlights days 14-28 luteal phase
- Estrogen and progesterone and inhibin levels grow high from corpus luteum, this inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH from the hypothalamus and pituitary
- Corpus luteum degenerates to corpus albicans unless stimulated by hCG to be retained, FSH levels begin to rise again, menses will begin
Does birth control save eggs?
Nope, die off and get fewer and fewer, most fertile time is 23-25 of eggs, 30’s is getting too old
1st polar body
Creates a primary oocyte after dividing, the first meiotic division that occurs upon ovulation
2nd polar body
Creates a 2ndary oocyte, occurs after fertilization via sperm
Granulosa cells produce…., what targets it?
Estrogen using aromatase from androstendione precursor from theca cells, FSH
Thecal cells produce…, what targets it?
Androstendione, LH
Two cell theory
The team synergy between theca release of androstendiones and granulosa conversion to estrogens
E1
Old lady estrogen, doesn’t have enough aromatase to work
E3
Estriol, often seen in pregnancy
