Endocrine Health - Type I Diabetes Flashcards
Q1: What is Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM)?
A1: Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition characterized by pancreatic beta-cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency.
Q2: At what ages does T1DM commonly peak?
A2: T1DM peaks in early childhood (6 months to 5 years) and again during puberty.
Q3: How does the global prevalence of T1DM vary?
A3: T1DM incidence varies significantly worldwide, with the lowest rates in Thailand and Venezuela and the highest rates in Finland and Sardinia.
Q4: What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and why is it significant in T1DM?
A4: DKA is a common and serious presentation in T1DM, marked by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, and shortness of breath. It can be fatal if untreated.
A4: DKA is a common and serious presentation in T1DM, marked by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, and shortness of breath. It can be fatal if untreated.
A5: Symptoms include polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision.
Q6: What autoimmune diseases are T1DM patients at a higher risk for?
A6: T1DM patients have a higher risk of autoimmune conditions like Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune gastritis, and celiac disease.
Q7: What role does autoimmunity play in T1DM?
A7: Around 90% of T1DM cases are due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, where autoantibodies attack the pancreas in genetically susceptible individuals.
Q8: Name some key genetic and environmental risk factors for T1DM.
A8: Key risk factors include genetic susceptibility (e.g., HLA-DR/DQ genes), serious life stress, viral infections, obesity, early introduction of certain foods, cesarean delivery, nitrates, and deficiencies in vitamin D and omega-3.
Q9: How does the gut microbiome relate to T1DM?
A9: Gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability are suggested factors in T1DM development. Elevated levels of zonulin, linked to permeability, are also common in T1DM.
Q10: Why is regular glucose monitoring essential for T1DM management?
A10: Regular glucose monitoring helps manage T1DM by preventing hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes, reducing stress, and providing valuable information for glycemic control.
Q11: How do continuous glucose monitoring devices like Dexcom® and Freestylelibre® benefit T1DM patients?
A11: These devices continuously monitor glucose levels, provide alerts, track trends, and simplify glucose management, offering more detailed insights for users.
Q12: What dietary approach is recommended for T1DM in naturopathic care?
A12: T1DM dietary management includes low glycemic index (GI) meals, high-fiber foods, and avoiding refined carbohydrates, concentrated sugars, and nitrates.
Q13: Why might early intervention during the “honeymoon period” be beneficial in T1DM?
A13: Early intervention can help delay or reverse beta-cell damage. Combining strict glycemic control with immune modulation may protect remaining β-cell function.
Q14: What are the benefits of Alpha Lipoic Acid for T1DM?
A14: Alpha Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress and inflammation and can improve insulin sensitivity. The dosage for children over 10 is typically 300 mg twice daily for four months.
Q15: How do EPA and DHA support T1DM health?
A15: EPA and DHA reduce inflammation, protect cell membranes, and support cardiovascular health. Deficiencies during pregnancy are linked to increased T1DM risk.
