Emphysema Flashcards

1
Q

what is emphysema characterized by?

A

the breakdown of elastin in the alveolar septa and bronchial walls as well as breakdown of alveolar and bronchial wall components by proteases

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2
Q

what are proteases?

A

enzymes that digest proteins

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3
Q

why does emphysema occur?

A

this occurs due to an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases as a result of increased protease activity and inhibition of normal endogenous antiprotease activity in the lung

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4
Q

what is the leading cause of airway epithelial inflammation from toxins in tobacco or air polution?

A

emphysema

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5
Q

what are proteases released from?

A

neutrophils, alveolar macrophages and other inflammatory cells

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6
Q

what are the most imported proteases activated in emphysema?

A

elastases, cathepsins and matrix metalloprotease

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7
Q

normally, antiproteases such as alpha 1 antitrypsin inhibit the activity of proteases in the lungs, however, antiprotease production and release is inadequate in smokers that develop COPD. TRUE OR FALSE

A

true

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8
Q

primary emphysema is commonly linked to what?

A

an inherited deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin

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9
Q

those with primary emphysema often develop the disease before what age?

A

40 or in their early 40s and do NOT have history of smoking

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10
Q

what causes a matched ventilation perfusion defect?

A

septal destruction in the alveoli destroys portions of the pulmonary capillary bed

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11
Q

what does the V/Q defect impair?

A

gas exchange, resulting in hypoxemia

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12
Q

what causes an abnormal enlargement of acini?

A

air trapping, resulting in an increase in residual volume and total lung capacity

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