Deck 5 Flashcards
plaża
beach
an area of sand or rocks next to the sea
gwałtowny, błyskawiczny
rapidly
happening or moving very quickly
“rapid change/growth “
gromada, stado
troop
a group of people or animals
wchodzić/przejść/wychodzić itp. razem lub masowo lub gromadnie
troop
to walk somewhere in a large group
“We all trooped into the hall in silence.”
w porządku , zdrowy
fine
well, healthy, or happy
"”How are you?” “I’m fine thanks. And you?””,
“I had a cold last week, but I’m fine now.”
w porządku , w sam raz
fine
good or good enough
"”Is the soup hot enough?” “Yes, it’s fine.””
świetny
fine
excellent, or of very good quality
“fine wines”,
“He’s a fine musician.”
dobrze
fine
used to agree with a suggestion, idea, decision, etc
"”Shall we meet at 8 o’clock?” “Yes, that’s fine by me.””
drobny, delikatny
fine
thin or made of very small pieces
“fine, brown hair”,
“fine sand”
ładny, pogodny
fine
sunny and not raining
“If it’s fine, we could have a picnic.”
szczegóły czegoś
fine
the more detailed or more difficult parts of an argument, idea, etc
dobrze
fine
very well or without any problems
"”How did your exam go?” “It went fine thanks.””
karać grzywną
fine
to make someone pay an amount of money as a punishment for breaking a law or rule
“The company was fined £60,000 for air pollution.”
grzywna
fine
an amount of money that you must pay for breaking a law or rule
“a parking fine “,
“The court gave her two weeks to pay the fine.”
kraść, ukraść
steal
to secretly take something that does not belong to you, without intending to return it
“Burglars broke into the house and stole a computer.”,
“stolen cars”
wykradać/wkradać się
steal
to move somewhere quietly and secretly
edukacja, oświata, wykształcenie
education
the process of teaching and learning in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this
“More money should be spent on education.”,
“We expect a good standard of education for our children.”
oczekiwanie
expectation
the feeling that good things are going to happen in the future
“The holiday lived up to all our expectations (= was as good as we expected).”,
“My parents had high expectations for me (= expected me to be successful).”
oczekiwanie
expectation
the feeling of expecting something to happen
“He had gone away and there was no expectation of his return.”
wydanie
edition
a book, newspaper, etc that is one of several that are the same and were produced at the same time
“a new edition”,
“The paperback edition costs £7.95.”
wydanie, edycja
edition
a radio or television programme that is one of a series
weteran
veteran
someone who has been in an army or navy during a war
“a veteran of World War Two”
weteran/ka
veteran
someone who has done a job or activity for a long time
“a 20-year veteran of BBC news”
prawdziwie
truly
used to emphasize that something is true in every way
“The project was truly a team effort.”
prawdziwie, naprawdę
truly
used to emphasize a description of something
“It’s truly amazing to watch a baby being born.”
szczerze
truly
used to emphasize that something is sincere or honest
“I truly believe that he is innocent.”
dotykać
touch
to put your hand on something
“You can look at them but please don’t touch them.”
dotykać (się), stykać się (z)
touch
If two things touch, they are so close to each other that there is no space between them.
“These two wires must not touch.”
wzruszać, poruszać
touch
If something kind that someone says or does touches you, it makes you feel pleased or a little sad.
“I was deeply touched by her letter.”
(nawet) nie tknąć czegoś
touch
to not eat or drink something
nie tknąć kogoś/czegoś palcem
touch
to not harm someone or not damage something
dotknięcie, dotyk
touch
the action of putting your hand on something
“I felt the touch of his hand on my face.”
dotyk
touch
the ability to feel things by putting your hand on them
“It was cold to the touch (= when I touched it).”
akcent
touch
a small detail that makes something better
“Having flowers on the tables was a nice touch.”
odrobina
touch
a little
“Add a little olive oil and a touch of vinegar.”
utrzymywać/nawiązywać itp. kontakt , być/pozostawać itp. w kontakcie
touch
to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by telephoning, or writing to them
tracić kontakt
touch
to stop communicating with someone, usually because they do not live near you now
“We’ve lost touch over the years.”
nie orientować się
touch
to know little about what has recently happened
pojawić się/zostać lub stać się bogatym/pisarzem itp.
become
to begin to be something
“They became great friends.”,
“She wants to become a teacher when she leaves school.”,
“This style of skirt is becoming fashionable.”
a co z kimś/czymś
become
something you say when you want to know what has happened to someone
“Whatever became of your friend Harry?”
z własnej woli
according
If you do something of your own accord, you choose to do it and no one else forces you.
“Luckily, she left of her own accord.”
porozumienie
according
an official agreement, especially between countries
“a peace/trade accord”
obdarzać
according
to treat someone specially, usually by showing respect
“the respect accorded to doctors”
własny
own
belonging to or done by a particular person or thing
“It was my own idea.”,
“Each student has their own dictionary.”,
“Petra makes all her own clothes.”,
““Is that your mum’s car?” “No, it’s my own (= it belongs to me).””
własny
own
belonging to someone or something
“I’ll have a home of my own (= home belonging only to me) someday.”
sam, samotniesam, samemu, samodzielnie
own
aloneIf you do something on your own, you do it without any help from other people.
“Jessica lives on her own.”,
“She’s raised three kids on her own.”
posiadać
own
to have something that legally belongs to you
“The University owns a lot of the land around here.”
Biblia
Bible
the holy book of the Christian and Jewish religions
Biblia
Bible
a copy of this book
Biblia
Bible
a book or magazine that gives important information and advice about a particular subject
“‘Vogue’ was regarded as the fashion student’s bible.”
ankieta, badanie opinii publicznej
poll
the results of a set of questions people are asked to discover what they think about a subject
“A recent poll indicated that 77 percent of Americans supported the president.”
ankietować, zapytywać
poll
to ask someone’s opinion as part of a study on what people think about a subject
“Most students polled said they preferred the new system.”
uzyskać
poll
to receive a particular number of votes in an election
“Labour polled only 45 percent of the Scottish vote.”
uwaga, komentarz
comment
something that you say or write that shows what you think about something
“He made negative comments to the press.”
Bez komentarza
comment
used to say that you do not want to answer someone’s question
komentować, zauważać
comment
to make a comment
“My mum always comments on what I’m wearing.”,
“He commented that the two pieces of work were very similar.”
wszyscy, każdy
everyone
every person
“I’ve received a reply from everyone now.”,
“Everyone agreed with the decision.”
wszyscy inni , każdy inny
everyone
every other person
“Everyone else was wearing jeans.”
starszy
elderly
a more polite word for ‘old’, used to describe people
“an elderly man”,
“Children should show respect for the elderly.”
ptak
bird
an animal that has wings and feathers and is usually able to fly
wystrzał, strzał
shot
the action of firing a bullet from a gun
“Three shots were fired.”
strzał, rzut
shot
an attempt to score points in sports such as football by hitting or throwing the ball
“Good shot!”
zdjęcie
shot
a photograph
“I got a good shot of them leaving the hotel together.”
spróbować (swoich) sił w czymś , spróbować czegoś
shot
to try to do something, often for the first time
“I’ve never played football, but I’ll give it a shot.”,
“They might have a shot at the World Championships next year.”
zastrzyk
shot
an amount of medicine put into the body with a special needle
“I took the dog to the vet for his shots.”
kropelka, kieliszek
shot
a small amount of a strong alcoholic drink
“a shot of whisky”
-
shot
past of shoot
wrzeszczeć, krzyczeć
scream
to make a loud, high noise with your voice, or to shout something in a loud, high voice because you are afraid, hurt, or angry
“Someone was screaming in the street.”,
“She screamed for help.”,
“I could hear a woman screaming, “Get me out of here!””
krzyk, wrzask
scream
the sound of someone screaming
“We heard screams coming from their apartment.”,
“We heard a blood curdling scream.”
być zabawnym
scream
to be very funny
“You’d love Amanda - she’s a scream.”
wyrok (skazujący), skazanie
conviction
an occasion when someone is officially found to be guilty of a particular crime
“He already had two convictions for burglary.”
przekonanie
conviction
a strong opinion or belief
“religious/moral convictions”
dojść do siebie, wyzdrowieć
recover
to become healthy or happy again after an illness, injury, or period of sadness
“It takes a long time to recover from surgery.”,
“She never recovered from the death of her husband.”
wracać do normy , poprawiać się
recover
If a system or situation recovers, it returns to the way it was before something bad happened.
“The economy was quick to recover after the election.”
odzyskać
recover
to be able to use or feel again part of your body which has been damaged
“He never fully recovered the use of his legs.”
odzyskać
recover
to get something back that has been lost or stolen
“Police recovered the stolen money.”
niezwykły
unusual
different and not ordinary, often in a way that is interesting or exciting
“an unusual name”,
“It’s fairly unusual to keep insects as pets.”
dół
bottom
the lowest part of something
“Click on the icon at the bottom of the page.”
spód, dno
bottom
the flat surface on the lowest side of something
“There was a price tag on the bottom of the box.”
dół
bottom
the lowest position in a group, organization, etc
“He did badly in the exam and is at the bottom of the class.”
dno
bottom
the ground under a river, lake, or sea
“Divers found the wreck on the bottom of the ocean.”
koniec
bottom
the part of a road or area of land that is furthest from where you are
“Go to the bottom of the road and turn left.”
pupa, siedzenie
bottom
the part of your body that you sit on
leżeć u podstaw czegoś
bottom
to be the cause of a problem or situation
dojść do sedna czegoś
bottom
to discover the truth about a situation
najniższy, dolny
bottom
in the lowest position
“the bottom drawer”
ten
this
used to refer to something that you have already talked about
“Most people don’t agree with this decision.”,
“How did you hear about this course?”
ten
this
used to refer to something or someone that is near you or that you are pointing to
“How much does this CD cost?”,
“David gave me these earrings for my birthday.”
ten, najbliższy, następny
this
used to refer to the present week, month, year, etc or the one that comes next
“I’ll see you this evening.”,
“Kate and Nigel are getting married this June.”
ten
this
used to refer to a particular person or thing that you are going to talk about
“I met this guy at a party who knows your sister.”,
“We went to this really great club last night.”
to
this
used to refer to something that you have already talked about
“When did this happen?”,
“This is the best news I’ve heard all week!”
to
this
used to refer to something or someone that is near you or that you are pointing to
“Try some of this - it’s delicious.”,
“Are these your keys?”,
“This is my girlfriend, Beth.”
to
this
used to say or ask who someone is when speaking on the telephone, radio, etc
"”Hello, is this Julie Hawkins?” “Yes, who’s this?””
taki, tak
this
used when describing the size, amount, or state of something or someone
“I need a piece of wood this big.”,
“I’ve never seen her this angry.”
wyraźnie, jasno
clearly
in a way that is easy to see, hear, read, or understand
“He spoke very clearly.”
najwyraźniej
clearly
used to show that you think something is obvious or certain
“Clearly he’s very talented.”
jasno
clearly
If you think clearly, you are not confused.
pieprz
pepper
a black, grey, or red powder that is made from crushed seeds, used to give food a slightly spicy flavour
“salt and pepper”
papryka
pepper
a hollow green, red, or yellow vegetable
“green/red pepper”
poważnie
badly
very seriously
“badly damaged/injured”
źle
badly
in a way that is of low quality or in an unpleasant way
“to behave badly”,
“Some of the animals were very badly treated.”,
“They played badly in the first half.”
federalny
federal
relating to the central government, and not to the government of a region, of some countries such as the United States
“the federal government “,
“a federal agency/employee”
federalny, związkowy
federal
A federal system of government consists of a group of regions that is controlled by a central government.
adres
address
the details of where a building is, including the building number, road name, town, etc
adres
address
a series of letters, signs, or numbers used to send email to someone or to reach a page of information on the Internet
“an email/web address “
wystąpienie, orędzie
address
a formal speech to a group of people
adresować
address
to write a name or address on an envelope or parcel
“A parcel arrived addressed to Emma.”
zajmować się
address
to deal with a problem
“We have to address the issue/problem before it gets worse.”
zwracać się do, przemawiać do, przemawiać na forum
address
to speak to someone, or to give a speech to an audience
“Today she will be addressing a major conference in London.”
zwracać się do kogoś per ktoś
address
to give someone a particular name or title when you speak or write to them
“Do you think I should address him as ‘Mr Benson’ or ‘Albert’?”
faktyczny, rzeczywisty
actual
real, not guessed or imagined
“We were expecting about fifty people, though the actual number was a lot higher.”
w praktyce , w rzeczywistości
actual
really
“It was due to start at ten, but in actual fact, it didn’t begin until nearly eleven.”
stać
stand
to be in a vertical position on your feet
“We’d been standing for hours.”,
“He’s standing over there, next to Karen.”
wstawać
stand
to rise to a vertical position on your feet from sitting or lying down
“I get dizzy if I stand up too quickly.”,
“Please stand when the bride arrives.”
stać w kolejce
stand
to wait for something as part of a line of people
“We stood in line all afternoon.”
stawiać coś gdzieś , stać gdzieś
stand
to be in or to put something in a particular place or position
“His walking stick stood by the door.”,
“You’ll have to stand the sofa on its end to get it through the door.”
nie móc znieść kogoś/czegoś
stand
to hate someone or something
“I can’t stand him.”,
“She can’t stand doing housework.”
znosić
stand
to be able to accept or deal with a difficult situation
“She couldn’t stand the pressures of the job.”,
“The pain was more than he could stand.”
wynosić ileś
stand
to be at a particular level, amount, height, etc
“Inflation currently stands at 3 percent.”
jakajest czyjaś opinia w sprawie czegoś
stand
what your opinion is about something
“We asked the senator where she stood on gun control.”
czego się można (po kimś ) spodziewać
stand
what someone thinks about you, how they expect you to behave, and how they are likely to behave
“She said she will never leave her husband, so now at least I know where I stand.”
być aktualnym
stand
If an offer still stands, it still exists.
“You’re welcome to visit any time - my invitation still stands.”
w obecnej formie
stand
as something is now, without changes in it
“The law as it stands is very unclear.”
stawać przed sądem , być sądzonym
stand
If someone stands trial, they appear in a law court where people decide if they are guilty of a crime.
“to stand trial for murder”
móc zyskać/stracić coś
stand
to be in a situation where you can get/lose money or an advantage
“He stands to gain a fortune if the company is sold.”
kandydować
stand
to compete in an election for an official position
“to stand for office”
stoisko, budka
stand
a small shop with an open front or a table from which goods are sold
“a hot dog stand”,
“Visit our stand at the trade fair.”
trybuna
stand
a structure in a sports ground where people can stand or sit to watch an event
stojak, wieszak
stand
a piece of furniture for holding things
“a music/hat stand”
miejsce dla świadka
stand
the place in a law court where people sit or stand when they are being asked questions
“The judge asked her to take the stand (= go into the witness stand).”
stanowisko
stand
an opinion or belief about something, especially if you say it in public
“What’s the President’s stand on gun control?”
zajmować stanowisko
stand
to express your opinion about something publicly
“He refuses to take a stand on this issue.”
przeciwstawiać się
stand
to publicly defend something or stop something from happening
“It’s about time someone made a stand.”
zdanie
sentence
a group of words, usually containing a verb, that expresses a complete idea
wyrok
sentence
a punishment that a judge gives to someone who has committed a crime
“a 30-year sentence”
skazywać
sentence
to give a punishment to someone who has committed a crime
“She was sentenced to six months in prison.”
jeszcze
else
in addition to someone or something
“Would you like anything else to eat?”,
“What else did he say?”
indziej, inny
else
different from someone or something
“I don’t like it here. Let’s go somewhere else.”,
“I didn’t say that. It must have been someone else.”
inny, pozostały
else
other things or people
“I forgot my toothbrush, but I remembered everything else.”
albobo inaczej
else
used to compare two different things or situationsused to say what will happen if another thing does not happen
“He talks to her all the time, or else he completely ignores her.”,
“We must be there by six, or else we’ll miss the beginning.”
w ostateczności , zawsze jeszcze
else
if no other plan is successful
“If all else fails, you’re welcome to stay at our house.”
rura
pipe
a long tube that liquid or gas can move through
“A water pipe had burst, flooding the basement.”
fajka
pipe
a tube with a bowl-shaped part at one end, used to smoke tobacco
“to smoke a pipe”
doprowadzać (rurami lub rurociągiem )
pipe
to send something through a pipe
“Water is piped from a spring to houses in the local area.”
obsługa
service
help that you get in a place such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel
“The food was nice, but the service wasn’t very good.”
usługa
service
a system that supplies something that people need
“financial/medical services”,
“electricity/water services”,
“They provide a free bus service from the station.”
służba, praca
service
the time you spend working for an organization
“He retired last week after 25 years’ service.”
nabożeństwo
service
a religious ceremony
“They held a memorial service for the victims of the bombing.”
przegląd, serwis
service
a check on a car or machine in which it is examined for faults and repaired
serw, serwis
service
the action of throwing a ball up into the air and hitting it towards the other player in sports such as tennis
naprawiać, robić przegląd
service
to examine and repair a car or machine
brzeg, wybrzeże
shore
the area of land along the edge of the sea or a lake
“They had to abandon the boat and swim back to shore.”
inżynier, technik
engineer
someone whose job is to design, build, or repair machines, engines, roads, bridges, etc
“a mechanical/structural engineer “,
“a software engineer “
maszynist-a/ka
engineer
someone whose job is to drive a train
aranżować
engineer
to arrange for something to happen, especially in a clever and secret way
“She was convinced that the accident had been engineered by his enemies.”
dokładnie
exactly
used when you are giving or asking for information that is completely correct
“What exactly seems to be the problem?”,
“The train got in at exactly ten o’clock.”
dokładnie
exactly
used to emphasize what you are saying
“I found a dress that’s exactly the same colour as my shoes.”
(no) właśnie, dokładnie
exactly
something you say when you agree completely with someone
"”Surely they should have told us about this problem sooner?” “Exactly.””
niezupełnie
exactly
used to say that something is not completely true
"”Do you live here?” “Not exactly, I’m staying with friends.””
nie taki łatwy/nowy/oczywisty itp.
exactly
used to say that a description is completely untrue
“Let’s face it, we’re not exactly rich, are we?”
ostrze, łopatka
blade
the flat, sharp, metal part of a knife, tool, or weapon
źdźbło
blade
a long, narrow leaf of grass or a similar plant
“a blade of grass “
kapitan
captain
the person in control of a ship or aircraft
kapitan
captain
an officer of middle rank in the army, navy, or air force
kapitan
captain
the leader of a team
być kapitanem
captain
to be the captain of a team, ship, or aircraft
“He has captained the England cricket team three times.”
temperatura
temperature
how hot or cold something is
“The room’s kept at a temperature of around 20°C.”,
“Last night the temperature dropped to below freezing.”
czyjaś temperatura
temperature
how hot or cold someone’s body is
“The doctor examined him and took his temperature (= measured his temperature).”
mieć temperaturę lub gorączkę
temperature
to be hotter than usual because you are sick
wszędzie, w lub na całym , cały
throughout
in every part of a place
“The same laws apply throughout much of Europe.”,
“The house was painted pink throughout.”
(przez) cały (czas)
throughout
during the whole of a period of time
“He yawned throughout the performance.”,
“We spent a week in London and it rained throughout.”
oglądać, analizować, badać
examine
to look at someone or something very carefully, especially to try to discover something
“She picked up the knife and examined it closely.”,
“He was examined by a doctor as soon as he arrived.”
egzaminować
examine
to test someone to see how much they know or how well they can do something
“You’ll be examined in three main areas: speaking, listening, and reading comprehension.”
rozważać, rozpatrywać
examine
to consider a plan or an idea carefully
“They have called a special meeting to examine the proposal.”
rozmiar, zasięg, stopień
extent
the size or importance of something
“They are just beginning to realize the full extent of the damage.”,
“Her face was injured to such an extent (= so much) that he didn’t recognize her.”
do pewnego stopnia
extent
in some ways
“I was, to some extent, responsible for the accident.”
uważny, ostrożny
careful
giving a lot of attention to what you are doing so that you do not have an accident, make a mistake, or damage something
“careful planning/consideration”,
“Be careful, Michael - that knife’s very sharp.”,
“We were careful to avoid the midday sun.”
zwiększać (się), wzrastać
increasing
to get bigger or to make something bigger in size or amount
“Eating fatty food increases the risk of heart disease.”,
“Exports of computers have increased by 15% since January.”,
“increased demand/competition”,
“Her anxieties are shared by an increasing number of women.”
wzrost
increasing
a rise in the number, size, or amount of something
“a price/tax increase”,
“We are seeing an increase in standards of living.”
rosnący
increasing
If something is on the increase, it is happening more often.
“Violent crime is on the increase.”
nauczyciel/ka
educator
a person who teaches people
ściskać
squeeze
to press something firmly
“She squeezed his hand and said goodbye.”
wciskać się/przeciskać się itp.
squeeze
to move somewhere where there is very little space
“She squeezed through a narrow gap in the wall.”
wyciskać cytrynę /pomarańczę itp.
squeeze
to press a lemon/orange, etc to get juice from it
“freshly squeezed orange juice”
uścisk
squeeze
the action of firmly pressing something
“He gave her hand a little squeeze.”
jest ciasno
squeeze
used to say that there are too many people or things in a small space
“We all got in, but it was a tight squeeze.”
odrobina soku z cytryny /pomarańczy itp.
squeeze
a small amount of juice from a lemon/orange, etc
zachowywać się
act
to behave in a particular way
“to act responsibly”,
“Jeff’s been acting strangely recently.”,
“Stop acting like a child!”
działać
act
to do something, especially in order to solve a problem
“We have to act now to stop the spread of this disease.”
grać, występować
act
to perform in a play or film
“He’s acted in a number of successful Hollywood films.”
akt, czyn
act
something that someone does
“an act of terrorism/kindness”
ustawa, akt (prawny)
act
a law made by a government
“an act of Congress/Parliament”
akt
act
one of the parts a play is divided into
“Her character doesn’t appear until Act 2.”
numer
act
one or several performers who perform for a short while in a show
“a comedy double act “
poza
act
behaviour that hides your real feelings or intentions
“Was she really upset or was that just an act?”
na gorącym uczynku (jak …)
act
doing something wrong
“I caught him in the act of opening one of my letters.”
do, ku, na, w kierunku
toward
in the direction of someone or something
“She stood up and walked towards him.”,
“He kept glancing towards the telephone.”
niedaleko, przy, około, pod
toward
near to a time or place
“Your seats are towards the back of the theatre.”,
“He only became successful towards the end of his life.”
(w stosunku ) do, dla
toward
used when talking about feelings about something or someone
“His attitude towards work needs to improve.”
na, do, dla
toward
for the purpose of buying or achieving something
“We’re asking people for a contribution towards the cost.”,
“This piece of work counts towards your final mark.”
próba, wysiłek
effort
an attempt to do something
“We huddled together in an effort to keep warm.”,
“He was making an effort to be sociable.”
wysiłek
effort
the energy that you need to do something
“I put a lot of effort into organizing the party.”,
“It would take too much effort to tidy my bedroom.”
siła czynna
effort
the force that is used to make something move
stanowić wysiłek, być trudnym
effort
to be difficult or painful
“After his accident, walking was an effort.”
gorąco, ciepło
heat
the quality of being hot or warm
“the heat of summer”
upał
heat
hot weather
“I don’t really like the heat.”
temperatura
heat
the temperature of something
“Cook on a low heat.”
ogrzewanie
heat
the system that keeps a building warm
“Could you turn the heat up a little?”
eliminacje
heat
a competition, especially a race, which decides who will be in the final event
ogrzać (się), podgrzewać
heat
to make something become hot or warm, or to become hot or warm
“I’ll just heat up some soup.”
wieczór
evening
the part of the day between the afternoon and the night
“Are you doing anything this evening?”,
“I go to band practice on Monday evenings.”,
“We usually eat our main meal in the evening.”
dobry wieczór
evening
something that you say when you meet someone in the evening
oceniać
evaluation
to consider or study something carefully and decide how good or bad it is
zdolny
capable
able to do things effectively and achieve results
“She’s a very capable young woman.”
zdolny do czegoś
capable
having the ability or qualities to be able to do something
“He’s capable of doing much better than this.”,
“She was capable of great cruelty.”
skóra
skin
the outer layer of a person or animal’s body
“dark/fair skin “,
“skin cancer”
skóra
skin
the outer layer of a dead animal used as leather, fur, etc
“a leopard skin rug”
skórka
skin
the outer layer of a fruit or vegetable
“a banana/potato skin”
kożuch
skin
a thin, solid layer that forms on the top of a liquid
“A skin had formed on the top of the milk.”
skórka (= programu)
skin
the particular way that information is arranged and shown on a computer screen
obierać (ze skórki )
skin
to remove the skin from something
obetrzeć (sobie)
skin
to injure your skin by rubbing it against something rough
“Mary fell and skinned her knees.”
po południu , zwykle tłumaczy się podając godzinę w zapisie 24-godzinnym, np. od 9 do 18
PM
used when you are referring to a time after 12 o’clock in the middle of the day, but before 12 o’clock in the middle of the night
“Opening hours: 9 a.m. - 6 p.m.”
premier
PM
abbreviation for prime minister: the leader of an elected government in some countries
oznaka, znak
sign
something that shows that something is happening
“Flowers are the first sign of Spring.”,
“It’s a sign that things are improving.”,
“Staff are showing signs of strain.”
znak
sign
a symbol or message in a public place that gives information or instructions
“a road sign “,
“a ‘no-smoking’ sign”
znak, symbol
sign
a symbol that has a particular meaning
“a dollar/pound sign”,
“the sign of the cross”
znak
sign
a movement you make to give someone information or tell them what to do
podpisywać (się)
sign
to write your name on something to show that you wrote/painted, etc it or to show that you agree to it
“He signs his letters ‘Prof. James D. Nelson’.”,
“to sign a contract/treaty “
społeczność
community
the people living in a particular area
“a rural/small community”
środowisko, społeczność
community
a group of people with the same interests, nationality, job, etc
“the business/Chinese community”
biocenoza
community
a group of plants or animals living in the same area
nauczyciel/ka
teacher
someone whose job is to teach in a school, college, etc
“a history/science teacher”
ciało
body
the whole physical structure of a person or animal
“the human body “,
“They covered their bodies with mud.”
ciało, zwłoki
body
a dead person
“Police found the body in a field.”
korpus
body
the main part of a person or animal’s body, not the head, arms, or legs
“a dog with a thin body and short legs”
grupa, ciało
body
an official group of people who work together
“the sport’s regulatory body”
główna część
body
the main part of something
“The body of the book is about his childhood.”
ilość
body
a large amount of information
“a body of research into AIDS”
nadwozie
body
the main part of a vehicle
“The body of the ship was not damaged.”
grzech
sin
something that is against the rules of a religion
“the sin of pride”
grzech
sin
something that you should not do because it is morally wrong
“You’ve only got one life and it’s a sin to waste it.”
grzeszyć
sin
to do something that is against the rules of a religion
jajko
egg
an oval object produced by a female chicken, that you eat as food
“a boiled/fried egg “
jajko, jajo
egg
an oval object with a hard shell that contains a baby bird, insect, or other creature
“The bird lays (= produces) its eggs in a nest.”
jajeczko
egg
a cell inside a female person or animal that can develop into a baby
drut
wire
thin, metal thread, used to fasten things or to make fences, cages, etc
przewód, kabel
wire
a long, thin piece of metal thread, usually covered in plastic, that carries electricity
“electrical wires”
podłączać
wire
to connect wires so that a piece of electrical equipment will work
“Do you know how to wire a burglar alarm?”
zdrutować
wire
to join two things together using wire
wysyłać (telegramem )
wire
to send a message or money using an electrical communication system
gleba, ziemia
soil
the top layer of earth that plants grow in
“clay/sandy soil”
brudzić
soil
to make something dirty
martwić się
worry
to think about problems or unpleasant things that might happen in a way that makes you feel anxious
“Don’t worry - she’ll be all right.”,
“She’s always worrying about something.”,
“I worry that he might run away.”
martwić
worry
to make someone feel anxious because of problems or unpleasant things that might happen
“It worries me that he hasn’t phoned yet.”
zmartwienie, problem
worry
a problem that makes you feel anxious
“health worries”
zmartwienie
worry
the feeling of being anxious about something
“She’s been sick with worry.”
oświadczenie
statement
something that someone says or writes officially
“The prime minister is expected to make a statement later today.”
wyciąg (z konta )
statement
a piece of paper that shows how much money you have put into your bank account and how much you have taken out
para
pair
two things that look the same and that are used together
“a pair of socks/shoes”
para
pair
something that is made of two parts that are joined together
“a pair of scissors”,
“a new pair of jeans/trousers”
para
pair
two people who are doing something together
“For the next exercise, you’ll need to work in pairs.”
ekonomiczny, gospodarczy
economic
relating to trade, industry, and money
“economic growth “,
“economic policies “
ekonomiczny, opłacalny
economic
making a profit, or likely to make a profit
“It’s not economic to produce goods in small quantities.”
poświęcać coś komuś/czemuś
devote
to use time, energy, etc for a particular purpose
“She devotes most of her free time to charity work.”
poświęcać coś komuś/czemuś
devote
to use a space or area for a particular purpose
“Most of the magazine was devoted to coverage of the royal wedding.”
większość
majority
more than half of a group of people or things
“The majority of people in this country own their houses.”,
“The vast majority of smokers claim they would like to give up.”
stanowić większość, przeważać
majority
to be larger than other similar groups
“Women are in the majority in the publishing world.”
przewaga głosów , większość
majority
in an election, the difference between the number of votes for the winner, and the votes for the party that came second
“Labour has a strong majority.”
sarna, jeleń
deer
a large, wild animal that is sometimes hunted for food and that has antlers (= long horns) if it is male
wspólny
joint
belonging to or done by two or more people
“a joint statement “,
“The project was a joint effort by all the children in the class.”
staw
joint
a place in your body where two bones meet
“the knee joint”
sztuka (mięsa )
joint
a large piece of meat, usually cooked in the oven
“a joint of beef”
połączenie, złącze
joint
a place where parts of a structure or machine are connected
knajpka
joint
a place where something is sold, especially a restaurant or bar
“a pizza joint”
niemniej, mimo to
nevertheless
despite that
“I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless.”
wyjaśniać, tłumaczyć
explain
to make something clear or easy to understand by giving reasons for it or details about it
“Can you explain why you did this?”,
“Can you explain to me how this machine works?”,
“He explained that he was going to stay with his sister.”,
“How do you explain her strange behaviour?”
wypadek
accident
something bad that happens that is not intended and that causes injury or damage
“a car/traffic accident “,
“He was involved in a road accident a month ago.”,
“She had an accident in the kitchen.”,
“I didn’t mean to spill his drink. It was an accident.”
przez przypadek, przypadkiem
accident
without being intended
“I deleted the wrong file by accident.”
czytanie, lektura
reading
the activity or skill of reading books
“I did a lot of reading on holiday.”
odczyt
reading
an event at which someone reads something to an audience
“a poetry reading “
odczyt
reading
the measurement that is shown on a piece of measuring equipment
“It’s best to take a meter reading as soon as you move in.”
koło
wheel
a circular object fixed under a vehicle so that it moves smoothly over the ground
“My bike needs a new front wheel.”
kierownica
wheel
a steering wheel (= circular object you turn to direct a vehicle)
“You should drive with both hands on the wheel.”,
“He fell asleep at the wheel (= while driving).”
pchać/prowadzić/wprowadzać coś
wheel
to push something that has wheels somewhere
“He wheeled his bicycle into the garden.”
dawać
give
to provide someone with something
“Her parents gave her a car for her birthday.”,
“Do you give money to charity?”,
“Could you give me a lift to the station, please?”
podawać
give
to put something near someone or in their hand so that they can use it or look at it
“Can you give me that pen?”,
“He poured a cup of coffee and gave it to Isabel.”
dawać
give
to allow someone to have a right or an opportunity
“We didn’t really give him a chance to explain.”
podawać
give
to tell someone something
“The woman refused to give her name.”,
“Can you give Jo a message?”
przynosić, powodować
give
to make someone have or feel something
“I hope he hasn’t given you any trouble.”,
“Smoking gives you cancer.”,
“This news will give hope to thousands of sufferers.”
dawać
give
to allow someone or something a particular amount of time
“I’m nearly ready - just give me a few minutes.”
dawać
give
to pay someone a particular amount of money for something
“I gave him $40 for his old camera.”
Tłumaczy się często czasownikiem w formie dokonanej, np. krzyknąć , pocałować
give
to perform an action
“to give a cry/shout”,
“He gave her a kiss on the cheek.”
zadzwonić do kogoś
give
to telephone someone
“Why don’t you just give him a call?”
dać przedstawienie/wygłosić mowę itp.
give
to perform or speak in public
“Tony gave a great speech.”
wyprawić przyjęcie
give
to have a party
“Claire’s giving a birthday party for Eric.”
nie wytrzymać, poddać się
give
to bend, stretch, or break because of too much weight
ustąpić
give
to stop in order to allow other vehicles to go past before you drive onto a bigger road
elastyczność
give
something’s ability to bend or move from its normal shape to take extra weight or size
ilustracja, obraz, zdjęcie
picture
a drawing, painting, or photograph of something or someone
“to draw/paint a picture “,
“She’s got pictures of pop stars all over her bedroom wall.”,
“Did you take many pictures (= photograph many things) while you were in Sydney?”
obraz
picture
an idea of what something is like
“I’ve got a much clearer picture of what’s happening now.”
obraz
picture
the image on a television screen
“I’m afraid it’s not a very good picture.”
film
picture
a film
“Could this be the first animated film to win a best picture award?”
kino
picture
the cinema
“I really fancy going to the pictures tonight.”
wyobrażać sobie
picture
to imagine something in a particular way
“The house isn’t at all how I had pictured it.”
przedstawiać
picture
to show someone or something in a picture
“They were pictured holding hands on the beach.”
zwalniać, uwalniać
release
to allow a prisoner to be free
“Six hostages were released shortly before midday.”
puszczać
release
to stop holding someone or something
“Release the handle.”
ujawniać
release
to let the public have news or information about something
“Police have not released the dead woman’s name.”
wypuszczać
release
to make a record or film available for people to buy or see
“The album is due to be released in time for Christmas.”
uwalniać
release
to let a substance flow out from somewhere
“Dangerous chemicals were accidentally released into the river.”
zwolnienie
release
the occasion when someone is allowed to leave prison
“After his release from jail, Jackson found it difficult to find work.”
film, album
release
a new film or record that you can buy
“Have you heard the group’s latest release?”
wyciek
release
an occasion when a substance is allowed to flow out of somewhere
“a release of toxic gas from the factory”
jeśli, jeżeli, jak
if
used to say that something will happen only after something else happens or is true
“We’ll have the party in the garden if the weather’s good.”,
“If you eat up all your dinner you can have some chocolate.”
jeśli, jeżeli
if
used to talk about something that might happen or be true
“I’m sorry if I’ve offended you.”,
“What will we do if this doesn’t work?”
czy
if
whether
“I wonder if he’ll get the job.”,
“Have you asked her if she’d like to come?”
gdy (tylko)
if
used to mean always or every time
“If you mention his mother, he always cries.”
znak zapytania , niewiadoma
if
something that is not certain or not yet decided
“There are still a lot of ifs.”,
“There are no ifs and buts (= no doubts or excuses) about it - we’ll have to start again.”
wyjątkowy, specjalny
special
better or more important than usual things
“a special friend”,
“I’m cooking something special for her birthday.”
szczególn-a/e uwaga/opieka/traktowanie
special
treatment that is better than usual
oferta specjalna
special
a price that is lower than usual
“I bought them because they were on special offer.”
specjalny
special
different from normal things, or used for a particular purpose
“You need to use a special kind of paint.”,
“Some of the children have special educational needs.”
specjalny program
special
a television programme made for a particular reason or occasion and not part of a series
“The Christmas special had 24.3 million viewers.”
oferta specjalna , danie dnia
special
a dish in a restaurant that is not usually available
“Today’s specials are written on the board.”
szybko
quickly
fast or in a short time
“I quickly shut the door.”,
“These people need to be treated as quickly as possible.”
bez względu na coś
regardless
despite something
“She’ll make a decision regardless of what we think.”
mimo wszystko, i tak
regardless
without thinking about problems or difficulties
“Mr Redwood claimed he would carry on with his campaign regardless.”
zły, błędny
wrong
not correct
“the wrong answer “,
“We’re going the wrong way.”
mylić się
wrong
to think or say something that is not correct
“You were wrong about the party - it’s today, not tomorrow.”
pomylić się w czymś
wrong
to produce an answer or result that is not correct
“I got most of the answers wrong.”
zły
wrong
If something is wrong, there is a problem.
“There’s something wrong with my computer.”,
“What’s wrong? “
zły
wrong
morally bad
“It’s wrong to tell lies.”
nieodpowiedni
wrong
not suitable
“I think she’s wrong for this job.”
źle, błędnie
wrong
in a way that is not correct
“He always says my name wrong.”
psuć się, popełniać błąd
wrong
to develop problems
“Something’s gone wrong with my computer.”
Nie zrozum mnie źle
wrong
used when you do not want someone to think that you do not like someone or something
“Don’t get me wrong, I like her, but she can be very annoying.”
zło
wrong
something that is not morally right
“She’s old enough to know the difference between right and wrong.”
mylić się, ponosić winę , zawinić
wrong
to be responsible for a mistake or something bad that has happened
skrzywdzić, wyrządzić krzywdę
wrong
to treat someone unfairly
“a wronged man”
rozwój, wzrost
expansion
an increase in the size or amount of something
“the rapid expansion of the software industry”
światowy, globalny
global
relating to the whole world
“the global problem of nuclear waste”
kariera
career
a job that you do for a long period of your life and that gives you the chance to move to a higher position and earn more money
“a successful career in marketing”
kariera
career
the time that you spend doing a particular job
“She began her acting career in TV commercials.”
sunąć, stoczyć się
career
to move quickly and in an uncontrolled way
“The train careered off a bridge and plunged into the river.”
radzić sobie z
handle
to deal with something
“He handled the situation very well.”,
“This office handles thousands of enquiries every day.”
obchodzić się z, dotykać, mieć kontakt z
handle
to touch, hold, or pick up something
“You must wash your hands before handling food.”
handlować
handle
to buy and sell goods
“He’s been charged with handling stolen goods.”
uchwyt, rączka, klamka
handle
the part of something that you use to hold it or open it
“a door handle “,
“the handle on a suitcase”
regulować, poprawiać, korygować, uwzględniać lub wprowadzać poprawki
adjust
to change something slightly so that it works better, fits better, or is more suitable
“You can adjust the heat using this switch here.”,
“She adjusted her hat in the mirror.”,
“The figures need to be adjusted for inflation.”
przystosowywać się, przyzwyczajać się
adjust
to change the way you behave or think in order to suit a new situation
“They found it hard adjusting to life in a new country.”
stabilny, trwały
stable
not likely to change or end suddenly
“a stable relationship”,
“The doctor said his condition was stable.”
pewny, stabilny
stable
fixed or safe and not likely to move
“Be careful! That chair isn’t very stable.”
zrównoważony
stable
mentally calm and not easily upset
stajnia
stable
a building where horses are kept
tradycja
tradition
a custom or way of behaving that has continued for a long time in a group of people or a society
“There is a strong tradition of dance in St Petersburg.”,
“We decided to break with tradition (= not behave as usual) this year and go away for Christmas.”
napotkać, natknąć się na
encounter
to experience something unpleasant
“We encountered quite a few problems at the beginning.”
spotykać
encounter
to meet someone, especially when you do not expect it
spotkanie
encounter
a meeting, especially one that happens by chance
zatrzymać, trzymać
keep
to have something permanently or for the whole of a period of time
“You can keep that dress if you like it.”,
“He borrowed my bike and kept it all week.”,
“I kept my last car for two years.”
przechowywać coś , trzymać coś
keep
to regularly store something in a particular place
“I think he keeps his keys in the desk drawer.”,
“We’ll keep your application on file.”
ciągle coś robić , nie przestawać czegoś robić
keep
to continue to do something, or to do something repeatedly
“My diets never work, but I keep trying.”,
“I keep telling her not to leave her clothes on the floor.”,
“He keeps hitting me.”
nie dawać komuś spać/utrzymywać coś w czystości /zapewniać komuś/czemuś bezpieczeństwo itp.
keep
to remain in a particular state or make someone or something remain in a particular state
“Thick socks help me keep warm.”,
“He goes jogging twice a week to keep fit.”,
“He keeps his car spotlessly clean.”
trzymać lub pozostawiać kogoś/coś gdzieś
keep
to make someone or something stay in the same place
“They will keep her at home for a few more days.”
kazać, trzymać, powstrzymywać
keep
to make someone do something that stops them doing something else
“She kept me talking for ages.”,
“Sorry to keep you waiting.”,
“Don’t let me keep you from your work.”
dotrzymać tajemnicy
keep
to not tell anyone a secret
dotrzymać słowa
keep
to do what you have promised to do
przyjść na (umówione) spotkanie
keep
to meet someone when you have arranged to meet them
zatrzymywać
keep
to make someone arrive later than they planned
“I was expecting you at six - what kept you?”
prowadzić
keep
to write down something in order to remember it
“to keep records/notes”
zachowywać świeżość
keep
If food or drink keeps, it remains fresh.
utrzymywać
keep
to provide enough money for someone to live
“I can’t keep a family on that salary.”
hodować, trzymać
keep
to have and look after animals
“Our neighbours keep pigs.”
pozwolić komuś wytrzymać lub przetrwać
keep
to provide what someone needs for a short period of time
“Dinner is at eight, but I had an apple to keep me going.”
utrzymanie
keep
the money needed to pay for someone to eat and live in a place
“He earns his keep working in a garage.”
do, ku, na, w kierunku
towards
in the direction of someone or something
“She stood up and walked towards him.”,
“He kept glancing towards the telephone.”
niedaleko, przy, około, pod
towards
near to a time or place
“Your seats are towards the back of the theatre.”,
“He only became successful towards the end of his life.”
(w stosunku ) do, dla
towards
used when talking about feelings about something or someone
“His attitude towards work needs to improve.”
na, do, dla
towards
for the purpose of buying or achieving something
“We’re asking people for a contribution towards the cost.”,
“This piece of work counts towards your final mark.”
