Deck 11 Flashcards
tkanina
fabric
cloth
“a light/woollen fabric”
struktura czegoś , tkanka czegoś szkielet czegoś
fabric
the basic way in which a society or other social group is organizedthe walls, floor, and roof of a building
“The family is part of the fabric of society.”
powiększać, wydłużać
extend
to make something bigger or longer
“We’re going to extend our kitchen.”,
“Can you extend the ladder a bit?”
przedłużać
extend
to make an activity, agreement, etc last for a longer time
“They have extended the deadline by one week.”
rozciągać lub przedłużać się
extend
to continue or stretch over a particular area of land or period of time
“a mountain range that extends down the Italian peninsula”,
“Will the building work extend into next week?”
wyciągać
extend
to stretch out a part of your body
“She smiled and extended her hand.”
wystosować do kogoś zaproszenie/złożyć komuś podziękowanie itp.
extend
to give someone an invitation/thanks, etc
“I’d like to extend a warm welcome to our guests.”
imię, nazwisko, nazwa
name
the word or group of words that is used to refer to a person, thing, or place
“What’s your name?”,
“My name’s Alexis.”,
“I can’t remember the name of the street he lives on.”,
“He didn’t mention her by name (= he did not say her name).”
w imię czegoś
name
If bad things are done in the name of something, they are done in order to help that thing succeed.
“So much blood has been spilt in the name of religion.”
zła /dobra sława lub reputacja, złe /dobre imię
name
If things or people have a bad/good name, people have a bad/good opinion of them.
“Their behaviour gives us all a bad name.”,
“They are trying to restore the good name of the school.”
przezywać kogoś , obrzucać kogoś wyzwiskami
name
to use impolite or unpleasant words to describe someone
nazywać
name
to give someone or something a name
“We named our first son Mike.”,
“A young boy named Peter answered the phone.”
podawać nazwisko lub nazwę , identyfikować
name
to say what the name of someone or something is
“The dead man has been named as John Kramer.”,
“She cannot be named for legal reasons.”
mianować, wyznaczać
name
to announce who has got a new job or won a prize
“She has been named manager of the new Edinburgh branch.”
co tylko chcesz , do wyboru do koloru
name
something that you say that means anything you say or choose
“I’ve never seen such a wide selection. You name it, they’ve got it.”
świat
world
the Earth and all the people, places, and things on it
“Everest is the highest mountain in the world.”,
“She’s travelled all over the world.”
świat
world
the people and things that are involved in a particular activity or subject
“the entertainment world”,
“the world of politics”
kraje rozwijające się/uprzemysłowione /zachodnie itp.
world
a particular area of the Earth
świat roślin /zwierząt itp.
world
plants/animals, etc as a group
czyjś świat
world
your life and experiences
“His whole world fell apart when she left.”
światowy
world
relating to the whole world
“world peace”,
“the world championships”
całkowity
total
including everything
“The total cost of the work was $800.”
całkowity, zupełny
total
extreme or complete
“The whole evening was a total disaster.”
suma
total
the amount you get when you add several smaller amounts together
“In total we made over 3,000 euros.”
sumować
total
to add up to a particular amount
odmienny, różny
distinct
different and separate
“This word has three distinct meanings.”
wyraźny
distinct
easy to hear, see, or smell
“The voices gradually became louder and more distinct.”
wyraźny, zauważalny
distinct
clear and certain
“There’s been a distinct improvement in your work.”
uczon-y/a, naukowiec
scholar
someone who has studied a subject and knows a lot about it
“a legal scholar”
złamać (się), pękać, zerwać
snap
If something long and thin snaps, it breaks making a short, loud sound, and if you snap it, you break it, making a short, loud sound.
“The twigs snapped as we walked on them.”,
“She snapped the carrot in half (= into two pieces).”
otwierać/zamykać się/ coś z trzaskiem
snap
to suddenly move to a particular position, making a short, loud noise, or to make something do this
“She snapped the book shut.”,
“The suitcase snapped open and everything fell out.”
warczeć
snap
to say something suddenly in an angry way
"”I don’t know what you mean,” he snapped.”,
“I was snapping at the children because I was tired.”
stracić panowanie nad sobą
snap
to suddenly be unable to control a strong feeling, especially anger
“She asked me to do the work again and I just snapped.”
fotografować
snap
to take a photograph of someone or something
“Photographers snapped the Princess everywhere she went.”
kłapać (zębami )
snap
If an animal snaps, it tries to bite someone.
“The dog was barking and snapping at my ankles.”
trzask
snap
a sudden, short, loud sound like something breaking or closing
“I heard a snap as I sat on the pencil.”
zdjęcie, fotka
snap
a photograph
“holiday snaps “
zatrzask
snap
a metal or plastic object made of two parts which fit together with a short, loud sound, used to fasten clothing
gra w snap
snap
a card game in which you say “snap” when you see two cards that are the same
być łatwizną , ≈ to łatwizna, ≈ to pryszcz
snap
to be very easy
“The French test was a snap.”
pochopna decyzja/ocena
snap
A snap decision or judgment is made very quickly and without careful thought.
prawie (zupełnie), praktycznie
virtually
almost
“They’re virtually the same.”,
“I’ve virtually finished.”
rolni-k/czka, farmer/ka
farmer
someone who owns or looks after a farm
dochód
income
money that you earn by working, investing, or producing goods
“families on low incomes “,
“Tourism accounts for 25% of the country’s national income.”
mniejszość
minority
a part of a group that is less than half of the whole group, often much less
“The violence was caused by a small minority of football supporters.”,
“I voted to accept the proposal, but I was in the minority.”
mniejszość
minority
a group of people whose race is different from the race of most of the people where they live
“ethnic minorities “
różny, rozmaity
various
many different
“They have offices in various parts of the country.”,
“I started learning Spanish for various reasons.”
biały
white
being the colour of snow or milk
“a white T-shirt”,
“white walls”
biały
white
Someone who is white has skin that is pale in colour.
“He’s described as a white man in his early thirties.”
biały
white
relating to white people
“the white community”
blady (jak ściana)
white
having a pale face because you are sick or you are feeling shocked
“He was white with shock.”
biały
white
White coffee has milk or cream added to it.
“Two coffees please, one black and one white.”
biały
white
White wine is a pale yellow colour.
(kolor) biały, biel
white
the colour of snow or milk
biały
white
a white person
“For a long time, whites controlled the economy here.”
białko
white
the part of an egg that is white when it is cooked
“Mix the egg whites with the sugar.”
wyraz (twarzy ), mina
expression
the look on someone’s face showing what they feel or think
“your facial expression “,
“He had a sad expression on his face.”
wyrażenie, zwrot
expression
a phrase that has a special meaning
“‘A can of worms’ is an expression meaning a difficult situation.”
wyraz
expression
ways of saying what you think or showing how you feel using words or actions
“As an expression of our disapproval, we will no longer use his shop.”
próbka
sample
a small amount of something that shows you what it is like
“a free sample of chocolate”,
“She brought in some samples of her work.”
próbka
sample
a small amount of a substance that a doctor or scientist collects in order to examine it
“a blood/urine sample “
próba
sample
a small number of people from a larger group that is being tested
“a representative sample”,
“a sample of 500 male drivers”
próbować
sample
to taste a small amount of food or drink to decide if you like it
“We sampled eight different cheeses.”
zakosztować
sample
to experience a place or an activity, often for the first time
“an opportunity to sample the local night life”
kwestia, sprawa
affair
a situation or set of related events, especially bad ones
“The government’s handling of the affair has been widely criticized.”
romans
affair
a sexual relationship between two people when one or both of them is married to someone else
“He’s been having an affair with a woman at work.”
≈ to (jest) czyjaś sprawa
affair
If something is your affair, it is private and you do not want anyone else to be involved or know about it.
uważnie
closely
If you look at or listen to something closely, you look at it or listen to it very carefully.
blisko, ściśle, dokładnie
closely
If two things are closely connected, related, etc, they are very similar to each other or there is a relationship between them.
“The two languages are closely related.”,
“Which Amercian city most closely resembles Paris?”
blisko
closely
in a way that is very near in distance or time
“Elke came into the room, closely followed by her children.”
ściśle
closely
If you work closely with someone, you work together a lot.
“Nurses work closely with other medical staff.”
zwykle lub zazwyczaj coś robić lub być jakimś
tend
to often do a particular thing or be likely to do a particular thing
“I tend to wear dark colours.”,
“July and August tend to be our busiest months.”
opiekować się, zajmować się
tend
to look after someone or something
“He spends most afternoons tending his vegetable garden.”
szybkość, prędkość
speed
how fast something moves or happens
“high/low speed “,
“He was travelling at a speed of 90 mph.”
szybkość, pęd
speed
very fast movement
“He put on a sudden burst of speed.”
pędzić/przemknąć itp.
speed
to move somewhere or happen very fast
“The three men jumped into a car and sped away.”
jechać z nadmierną prędkością , przekraczać ograniczenie szybkości
speed
to be driving faster than you are allowed to
apel
appeal
a request to the public for money, information, or help
“The appeal raised over £2 million for AIDS research.”
urok
appeal
the quality in someone or something that makes them attractive or enjoyable
“I’ve never understood the appeal of skiing.”
apelacja
appeal
a request to a court of law to change a previous legal decision
“He won his appeal against his jail sentence.”
apelować
appeal
to strongly request something, often publicly
“The police have appealed for more information.”,
“They appealed to the commission to keep the hospital open.”
pociągać
appeal
to attract or interest someone
“Cycling has never appealed to me.”
wnosić apelację
appeal
to formally ask someone to change an official or legal decision
“He is appealing against a ten-year prison sentence.”
centrum handlowe
mall
a large, covered shopping area
w tym, wliczając, łącznie z
including
used to show that someone or something is part of a larger group, amount, or process
“Fourteen people, including a prison warden, were killed.”,
“It’s $24.99, including shipping and handling.”
dotyczyć, interesować
concern
to involve someone or be important to them
“Environmental issues concern us all.”,
“He’s more concerned about profits than the safety of his employees.”
martwić
concern
to worry or upset someone
“What really concerns me is her lack of experience.”
dotyczyć
concern
If a story, film, etc concerns a particular subject, it is about that subject.
angażować się, zajmować się
concern
to become involved with doing something
“You needn’t concern yourself with the travel arrangements.”
obawa, troska
concern
a feeling of worry about something, or the thing that is worrying you
“I have concerns about his health.”
troska
concern
something that involves or affects you or is important to you
“Our primary concern is safety.”
koncern
concern
a company or business
“The perfume factory was a family concern.”
kiedy
when
used to ask at what time something happened or will happen
“When’s your birthday?”,
“When did he leave?”,
“When are you going away?”
kiedy, jak
when
used to say at what time something happened or will happen
“I found it when I was cleaning out the cupboards.”,
“We’ll go when you’re ready.”
kiedy, skoro
when
although
“Why are you doing this when I’ve asked you not to?”
ręka
hand
the part of your body on the end of your arm that has fingers and a thumb
“Take your hands out of your pockets.”
wziąć lub złapać kogoś za rękę
hand
to get hold of someone’s hand
“Bill took her by the hand and led her into the garden.”
ręka w rękę
hand
holding each other’s hand
“The young couple walked hand in hand by the lake.”
trzymać się za ręce
hand
to hold each other’s hand
pod ręką , w pobliżu
hand
near in time or space
“Teachers are always close at hand to give help to any child who needs it.”
ręcznie
hand
done or made by a person instead of a machine
“This sweater has to be washed by hand.”
obecny, bieżący
hand
being worked on or dealt with now
“Despite the pressures we are determined to get on with the job in hand.”
być w czyichś rękach
hand
to be in someone’s control or care
“The matter is now in the hands of my lawyer.”
do dyspozycji , dostępny
hand
near to someone or something, and ready to help or be used when necessary
“Extra supplies will be on hand, should they be needed.”
przez kogoś , ze strony kogoś
hand
If you suffer at the hands of someone, they hurt you or treat you badly.
wskazówka
hand
one of the long, thin pieces that point to the numbers on a clock or watch
rozdanie
hand
the set of playing cards that one player has been given in a game
pomoc
hand
some help, especially to do something practical
“Could you give me a hand with these suitcases?”,
“I think Matthew might need a hand with his homework.”
z jednej strony … z drugiej strony
hand
used when you are comparing two different ideas or opinions
“On the one hand, computer games develop many skills, but on the other, they mean kids don’t get enough exercise.”
łapy przy sobie, ręce precz
hand
used to tell someone not to touch something
“Hands off - that’s mine!”
podawać, wręczać
hand
to give something to someone
“Could you hand me that book, please?”
dzielić (się)
divide
to separate into parts or groups, or to make something separate into parts or groups
“We divided up into teams of six.”,
“Each school year is divided into two semesters.”
dzielić coś między kogoś
divide
to separate something into parts and give a part to each person in a group
“The prize money will be divided equally among the winners.”
dzielić, przedzielać
divide
to separate a place into two areas
“An ancient wall divides the city.”
dzielić
divide
to calculate how many times a number can go into another number
“12 divided by 6 equals 2.”
dzielić
divide
to make people disagree about something
“Council members were divided over plans to build a new stadium.”
wąski
narrow
Narrow things measure a small distance from one side to the other.
“a narrow lane/street”,
“a narrow tie”
wąski
narrow
including only a small number
“He has very narrow interests.”
nieznaczn-a/e porażka/zwycięstwo
narrow
If you have a narrow defeat/victory, you only just lose/win.
ogromne szczęście, cud
narrow
If you have a narrow escape, you only just avoid danger.
zwężać (się)
narrow
to become less wide or to make something less wide
“The road has been narrowed to one lane.”,
“His eyes narrowed angrily.”
zmniejszać (się)
narrow
to become less or to make something become less
“to narrow the gap between rich and poor”
zaangażowanie, udział
involvement
the state of being involved in an activity or event
“He denies any involvement in the attack.”
nagły, gwałtowny
sudden
done or happening quickly and unexpectedly
“a sudden change/increase”,
“His sudden death was a great shock to us all.”
nagle, z nienacka
sudden
unexpectedly
“All of a sudden she got up and walked out.”
cel
aim
the purpose of doing something, and what you hope to achieve
“The aim of the film was to make people laugh.”,
“He went to Paris with the aim of improving his French.”
celność, cel
aim
someone’s ability to hit an object by throwing something or shooting at something
wycelować
aim
to point a weapon towards someone or something
dążyć do czegoś , planować coś
aim
to intend to achieve something
“I aim to arrive at three o’clock.”,
“We’re aiming for a 10% increase in sales.”
być skierowanym do kogoś lub pod czyimś adresem
aim
to be intended to influence or affect a particular person or group
“advertising aimed at students”,
“I think the comment was aimed at Lesley.”
mieć coś na celu
aim
to be intended to achieve a particular thing
“a plan aimed at reducing traffic”
celować
aim
to point a weapon towards someone or something
“He aimed the gun at the lion.”
w przyszłym tygodniu /roku /w przyszły poniedziałek itp.
next
the week/year/Monday, etc that follows the present one
“I’m planning to visit California next year.”,
“Are you doing anything next Wednesday?”,
“Next time, ask my permission before you borrow the car.”
następny, najbliższy
next
The next time, event, person, or thing is the one nearest to now or the one that follows the present one.
“What time’s the next train to London?”,
“We’re going to be very busy for the next few months.”
następny, najbliższy
next
The next place is the one nearest to the present one.
“She only lives in the next village.”,
“Turn left at the next set of traffic lights.”
coś prawie tak dobre , drugi wybór
next
the thing that is best, if you cannot have or do the thing you really want
“Coaching football is the next best thing to playing.”
zanim się spostrzegłem
next
used to talk about part of a story that happens in a sudden and surprising way
“A car came speeding round the corner, and the next thing I knew I was lying on the ground.”
potem, później, teraz
next
immediately after
“You’ll never guess what happened next.”,
“Where shall we go next?”
następnym razem
next
The time when you next do something is the first time you do it again.
“Could you get some coffee when you next go to the supermarket?”
koło czegoś/kogoś , przy czymś/kimś
next
very close to something or someone, with nothing in between
“Come and sit next to me.”,
“The factory is right next to a residential area.”
następny, dalej
next
the person or thing that follows the present person or thing
“Who’s next to see the nurse?”,
“Blue roses? Whatever next? (= What other strange things might happen?) “
w weekend za dwa tygodnie /za dwa tygodnie /w czwartek za dwa tygodnie itp.
next
the weekend/week/Thursday, etc that follows the next one
pasek, pas
belt
a long, thin piece of leather, cloth, or plastic that you wear around your waist
pas
belt
an area of a particular type of land, or an area where a particular group of people live
“the commuter belt “,
“a narrow belt of trees”
pas
belt
part of a machine that moves in a circle to carry objects or to make a machine work
“The car needs a new fan belt.”
pędzić
belt
to move very fast
“He came belting down the street.”
walić
belt
to hit someone or something very hard
świadomość
awareness
the mental state of knowing about something
“Environmental awareness is increasing all the time.”
ciągle, wciąż, nadal
still
used to say that something is continuing to happen now or that someone is continuing to do something now
“He’s still here if you want to speak to him.”,
“Do you still play basketball?”
wciąż, jeszcze, ciągle
still
used to say that something continues to be possible
“We could still catch the train if we leave now.”
mimo to
still
used to emphasize that you did not expect something to happen because something else makes it surprising
“He didn’t do much work but still came top of the class.”,
“The weather was terrible. Still, we had a good holiday.”
jeszcze lepszy/trudniejszy/gorszy itp.
still
better/harder/worse, etc than something else
stać/siedzieć itp. spokojnie, nie wiercić się, nie ruszać się
still
to stand, stay, sit, etc without moving
“Sit still so I can brush your hair.”
cichy, spokojny
still
A still place is calm and quiet.
“It was night and the whole village was still.”
niegazowany
still
A still drink does not have any bubbles in it.
klatka, scena
still
a photograph from one moment in a film
obiad, kolacja
dinner
the main meal of the day that people usually eat in the evening
“What’s for dinner tonight?”
nalewać, nasypać
pour
to make a liquid flow from or into a container
“I poured the milk into a jug.”,
“Can I pour you a drink?”
lać
pour
to rain, producing a lot of water
“We can’t go out in this weather - it’s pouring!”
wlewać się/wylewać się/tryskaćwalić/wysypywać się
pour
to flow quickly and in large amountsto enter or leave a place in large numbers
“Blood was pouring from my leg.”,
“The crowd poured out into the street.”
pogrzeb
funeral
a ceremony for burying or burning the body of a dead person
“The funeral will be held next Friday.”
czysty
clean
not dirty
“clean hands”,
“clean clothes”,
“You should try to keep the kitchen a bit cleaner.”
przyzwoity
clean
not about sex
“a clean joke”
bez wykroczeń
clean
showing that you have not done anything illegal
“a clean driving licence “
uczciwy
clean
fair and honest
“a clean election/fight”
sprzątać, czyścić
clean
to remove the dirt from something
“I spent the morning cleaning the house.”,
“Clean the wound with soap and water.”
prosto
clean
used to emphasize that something is done completely
“The bullet went clean through his helmet.”
czapka, kapelusz
hat
something you wear to cover your head, for fashion or protection
“a cowboy hat”
instrukcja, wskazówka, polecenie
instruction
something that you have been told to do
“I had strict instructions to call them as soon as I arrived home.”
nauka, szkolenie
instruction
the activity of teaching or training someone, or the information you are being taught
“religious instruction”
źle
ill
in a way that is bad or not suitable
“ill-prepared”,
“an ill-judged remark”
chory
ill
not feeling well, or suffering from a disease
“critically/seriously ill”,
“Her mother was too ill to travel.”,
“Mark had been feeling ill for a couple of days.”
zły, szkodliwy
ill
bad
“ill health “,
“He suffered no ill effects from his fall.”
bolączka, dolegliwość
ill
a problem
“social and economic ills”
źle
ill
badly
“Many of the nurses were ill prepared to deal with such badly burned patients.”
nie móc sobie pozwolić na coś
ill
If you can ill afford to do something, it is likely to make things difficult for you if you do it.
“This is a match United can ill afford to lose.”
źle o kimś mówić
ill
to say bad things about someone
-
ill
short for I shall/I will
“I’ll be there at 6:00.”
ślady
trail
a line of marks that someone or something leaves behind as they move
“He left a trail of muddy footprints across the kitchen floor.”
szlak, ścieżka
trail
a path through the countryside, often where people walk
“a nature trail “
śledzić
trail
to follow someone, especially without them knowing, in order to watch or catch them
“He suspected he was being trailed by undercover police.”
wlec (się), ciągnąć (się)
trail
to hang down and touch the ground, or to make something do this
“Your coat’s trailing in the mud.”
przegrywać (z)
trail
to have a lower score than someone else, especially in a sporting event
“City were trailing United 2-1 at half time.”
odwaga
courage
the ability to deal with dangerous or difficult situations without being frightened
“The soldiers fought with great courage.”,
“She didn’t have the courage to tell him the truth.”
olbrzymi
vast
extremely big
“a vast amount of money”,
“vast forest areas”
zima
winter
the coldest season of the year, between autumn and spring
“We went skiing last winter.”,
“a mild winter”
wycierać
wipe
to clean or dry something by moving a cloth across it
“I had a job wiping tables in a cafe.”,
“She wiped her hands on the towel.”
ocierać/wycierać/ścierać coś
wipe
to remove dirt, water, a mark, etc from something with a cloth or your hand
“He wiped a tear from his eye.”
przetarcie
wipe
the act of cleaning or drying something with a cloth
“I’ll give the table a wipe.”
chusteczka
wipe
a thin cloth or piece of paper used for cleaning
“baby wipes “
religijny
religious
relating to religion
“religious paintings”
religijny
religious
having a strong belief in a religion
“He’s a very religious man.”
duch
ghost
the spirit of a dead person that appears to people who are alive
“Do you believe in ghosts?”,
“a ghost story “
mi, mnie, mną, ja
me
used after a verb or preposition to refer to the person who is speaking or writing
“She gave me some money.”,
“She never gave it to me.”,
“Lydia is three years younger than me.”,
“It wasn’t me!”
kompletny
complete
with all parts
“the complete works of Oscar Wilde”,
“The report comes complete with (= including) diagrams and colour photographs.”
kompletny
complete
used to emphasize what you are saying
“a complete waste of time”,
“a complete idiot”
gotowy, ukończony
complete
finished
“Our report is almost complete.”
ukończyć
complete
to finish doing or making something
“The palace took 15 years to complete.”,
“She will complete her studies in France.”
zakończyć
complete
to provide the last part needed to make something whole
“Complete the sentence with one of the adjectives provided.”
wypełniać
complete
to write all the details asked for on a form or other document
podstawowy
primary
most important
“Her primary responsibility is to train new employees.”
prawybory
primary
a vote in which people in a political party in the US choose the person who will represent them in an election
równowaga
balance
the state of having your weight spread in such a way that you do not fall over
“I lost my balance and fell off the bike.”,
“The force of the explosion threw him off balance (= it was difficult for him to stay standing).”
równowaga, kompromis
balance
a situation in which the correct amount of importance is given to each thing so that a situation is successful
“We hope to strike a balance between police powers and the protection of citizens.”,
“The new factory will destroy the ecological balance in the area.”
wyważenie
balance
the quality something has when it considers all the facts in a fair way
“I felt his report lacked balance.”
zważywszy wszystko
balance
used to give your opinion after you have considered all the facts about something
“On balance, I’d prefer a woman dentist to a man.”
saldo, bilans
balance
the amount of money that you still have to pay, or that you have left to use
“I always pay off the balance on my credit card each month.”
balansować, utrzymywać równowagę
balance
to be in a position where you will not fall to either side, or to put something in this position
“She was trying to balance a book on her head.”
wyważać, utrzymywać równowagę
balance
to give the correct amount of importance to each thing so that a situation is successful
“I struggle to balance work and family commitments.”
zrównoważyć budżet
balance
to make sure that you do not spend more money than you get
pewność siebie
confidence
a feeling of being certain of your ability to do things well
“He’s a good student, but he lacks confidence.”,
“His training has given him the confidence to deal with any problem that arises.”
zaufanie
confidence
trust in someone’s ability or a belief that something will produce good results
“Kate’s new to the job, but I have every confidence in her.”
tajemnica
confidence
something secret that you tell someone
“to exchange confidences”
w tajemnicy
confidence
If you tell something to someone in confidence, you do not want them to tell anyone else.
słyszeć
hear
to be aware of a sound through your ears
“I could hear his voice in the distance.”,
“I can’t hear - can you turn the sound up?”
słyszeć, dowiedzieć się
hear
to be told some information
“When did you first hear about this?”,
“Have you heard the news? Jane’s back.”,
“I hear that you’re leaving.”
rozpatrywać
hear
If a judge hears a case, they listen to it in a law court, to decide if someone is guilty or not.
nie chcieć o czymś słyszeć
hear
If someone will not hear of something, they will not allow it.
“I wanted to pay for her meal but she wouldn’t hear of it.”
mimo, pomimo
despite
used to say that something happened or is true, although something else makes this seem not probable
“I’m still pleased with the house despite all the problems we’ve had.”,
“He managed to eat lunch despite having had an enormous breakfast.”
wbrew sobie
despite
If you do something despite yourself, you do it although you did not intend to.
czarny
black
being the colour of coal or of the sky on a very dark night
“a black jacket”
czarnoskóry
black
Someone who is black has the dark skin typical of people from Africa.
“black athletes/Americans”
murzyński, czarnoskórych
black
relating to black people
“the black community”
bez mleka , czarny
black
Black tea or coffee has no milk or cream added to it.
czarny
black
funny about unpleasant or frightening subjects
“black comedy”
wściekły
black
angry
“He gave her a black look.”
ponury
black
If your situation or future is black, it is very bad.
czerń
black
the colour of coal or of the sky on a very dark night
“She always dresses in black (= in black clothes).”
czarnoskór-y/a, Murzyn/ka
black
a black person
z dodatnim saldem
black
If your bank account is in the black, it contains some money.
kiwać (głową ), skinąć (głową ), przytakiwać
nod
to move your head up and down as a way of agreeing, to give someone a sign, or to point to something
“They nodded enthusiastically at the proposal.”,
“Barbara nodded in approval.”,
“She nodded towards Hugh.”
wrażliwy, podatny
vulnerable
easy to hurt or attack physically or emotionally
“She was a vulnerable sixteen-year-old.”,
“The troops are in a vulnerable position.”,
“He’s more vulnerable to infection because of his injuries.”
siła
strength
the quality of being strong
“upper-body strength”,
“A good boxer needs skill as well as strength.”
potęga, siła
strength
the power or influence that an organization, country, etc has
“economic strength”
siła
strength
the quality of being brave or determined in difficult situations
“I think she showed great strength of character.”,
“He has a great deal of inner strength.”
mocna strona
strength
a good quality or ability that makes someone or something effective
“We all have our strengths and weaknesses.”,
“The great strength of this arrangement is its simplicity.”
siła
strength
how strong a feeling or opinion is
“There is great strength of feeling against tax increases.”
siła
strength
the value of a country’s money
“The strength of the dollar has traders worried.”
w pełnym składzie
strength
with the necessary number of people
“Our team is now at full strength.”
opierając się na czymś
strength
If you do something on the strength of facts or advice, you do it because of them.
“On the strength of this year’s sales figures, we’ve decided to expand the business.”
źródło
source
where something comes from
“a source of income/information”,
“Oranges are a good source of vitamin C.”
źródło
source
someone who gives information to the police, newspapers, etc
być wartym ileś
worth
to have a particular value, especially in money
“Our house is worth about 600,000 euros.”
być wartym zrobienia/zobaczenia /spróbowania itp.
worth
to be useful or enjoyable to do/see/try, etc
“It’s not as good as his last book but it’s definitely worth reading.”
być tego wartym
worth
to be useful or enjoyable despite needing a lot of effort
“It was a long climb up the mountain but the view was worth it.”,
“Don’t bother complaining - it’s really not worth it.”
być wartym wysiłku , mieć sens
worth
If it is worth your while doing something, it is useful or enjoyable despite needing a lot of effort.
“It isn’t worth my while going all that way just for one day.”
coś wartości 20£/100$
worth
the amount of something that you can buy for £20/$100, etc
“I’ve put £2 worth of stamps on the letter.”
miesiąc/rok czegoś
worth
the amount of something that can be done or used in a month/year, etc
“an hour’s worth of free phone calls”
wartość
worth
how important or useful someone or something is
“She’s finally proved her worth.”
ciężar
burden
something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about
“the burden of responsibility”,
“I’d hate to be a burden to you when I’m older.”
zmieniać (się)
change
to become different, or to make someone or something become different
“I hadn’t seen her for twenty years, but she hadn’t changed a bit.”,
“Meeting you has changed my life.”,
“She’s changed from being a happy, healthy child to being ill all the time.”,
“Since he met her, he’s a changed man.”,
“changing attitudes”
zmieniać
change
to stop having or using one thing, and start having or using another
“The doctor has recommended changing my diet.”,
“I’ll have to ask them if they can change the time of my interview.”,
“You’ll have to change gear to go up the hill.”
przebierać się
change
to take off your clothes and put on different ones
“He changed out of his school uniform into jeans and a T-shirt.”,
“Is there somewhere I can get changed?”
przesiadać się
change
to get off a bus, plane, etc and catch another, in order to continue a journey
“I have to change trains in Paris.”,
“Is there a direct service, or do we have to change?”
wymienić
change
to take something you have bought back to a shop and exchange it for something else
“If the dress doesn’t fit, can I change it for a smaller one?”
rozmieniać
change
to get or give someone money in exchange for money of a different type
“Where can I change my dollars?”,
“Can you change a 20 euro note for two tens?”
wymieniać
change
to take dirty sheets off a bed and put on clean ones
“to change the bed/sheets”
przewijać
change
to put a clean nappy (= thick cloth worn on a baby’s bottom) on a baby
zmiana, zmiany
change
a situation in which something becomes different, or the result of something becoming different
“We need to make a few changes to the design.”,
“There is no change in the patient’s condition (= the illness has not got better or worse).”,
“How can we bring about social change?”
zmiana
change
a situation in which you stop having or using one thing and start having or using another
“This country needs a change of government.”,
“I’ve notified the school of our change of address.”
odmiana
change
something that you enjoy because it is a new experience
“Going abroad for our anniversary would make a lovely change.”,
“It’s nice to eat together as a family for a change.”
reszta
change
the money that you get back when you pay more for something than it costs
“There’s your receipt and £3 change.”
drobne
change
coins, not paper money
“Do you have any change for the parking meter?”,
“Have you got change for £5 (= can you give me £5 in coins in return for paper money)?”
ubranie na zmianę , zmiana ubrania
change
a set of clean clothes that you can put on if you need to take off the ones you are wearing
zimny
cold
having a low temperature
“cold water/weather”,
“This soup has gone cold.”,
“The nights are getting colder now.”,
“My hands are getting cold.”
chłodny
cold
unfriendly or showing no emotion
“a cold stare/voice”,
“She became quite cold and distant with me.”
na zimno
cold
served cold
“cold roast beef”
przeziębienie
cold
a common illness that makes you sneeze and makes your nose produce liquid
“I’ve got a cold. “,
“He caught a bad cold at school.”
zimno
cold
cold weather or temperatures
“She was shivering from the cold.”
pomijać kogoś
cold
to not allow someone to be part of a group or activity
“Women’s football teams feel they are left out in the cold as far as media coverage is concerned.”
być nieprzytomnym
cold
to be unconscious
“I hit my head and was out cold for two minutes.”
po prostu , zwyczajnie
cold
completely and immediately
“I offered to go with him but he turned me down cold.”
przedstawiciel/ka
representative
someone who speaks or does something officially for another person
typowy, reprezentatywny
representative
the same as other people or things in a particular group
“Are his views representative of the rest of the department?”
coś
something
used to refer to a thing when you do not know what it is or when it is not important what it is
“As soon as I walked in, I noticed that something was missing.”,
“We know about the problem and we’re trying to do something about it.”,
“It’s not something that will be easy to change.”,
“There’s something else (= another thing) I wanted to tell you.”
czy coś w tym stylu
something
used to show that what you have just said is only an example or you are not certain about it
“Why don’t you go to a movie or something?”
coś jak, jakieś
something
similar to or approximately
“He paid something like $2000 for his car.”
≈ to jest coś, ≈ to zawsze coś
something
to be a thing which is important, special, or useful
“The President visiting our hotel - that would really be something.”,
“It’s not much but it’s something (= better than nothing).”
coś w rodzaju czegoś
something
used to describe a person or thing in a way which is partly true but not completely or exactly
“It came as something of a surprise.”,
“He has a reputation as something of a troublemaker.”
być związanym z czymś/kimś , wiązać się z czymś/kimś
something
to be related to something or a cause of something but not in a way which you know about or understand exactly
“It might have something to do with the way it’s made.”
poniżej
below
in a lower position than someone or something else
“He could hear people shouting below his window.”,
“Send your answers to the address below (= lower on the page or on a later page).”
poniżej
below
less than an amount or level
“The temperature there rarely drops below 22°C.”,
“His work is below average.”,
“Temperatures plunged below zero.”,
“Last night the temperature dropped to below freezing.”
pod, poniżej
below
lower in rank
“Monica is a grade below me.”
wyjaśnienie, wytłumaczenie
explanation
the details or reasons that someone gives to make something clear or easy to understand
“What’s your explanation for the team’s poor performance?”,
“Could you give me a quick explanation of how it works?”
zjawisko
phenomenon
something that exists or happens, usually something unusual
“storms, lightning, and other natural phenomena “,
“Road rage seems to be a fairly recent phenomenon.”
wyrażać
express
to show what you think or how you feel using words or actions
“I’m simply expressing my opinion.”,
“These paintings express the terror of war.”,
“You’re not expressing yourself (= saying what you mean) very clearly.”
usługa/pociąg itp. ekspresow-a/y
express
a service/train, etc that is much faster than usual
wyraźn-y/a cel/intencja/zamiar itp.
express
a clear and certain aim/intention/purpose, etc
“You came here with the express purpose of causing trouble.”
ekspres
express
a fast train
“I took the express to London.”
klatka piersiowa , pierś, piersi
chest
the front of your body between your neck and your waist
“a hairy chest”,
“chest pains”
skrzynia
chest
a strong, usually wooden, container with a lid, used for keeping things in
“a treasure chest”
koc
blanket
a thick, warm cover that you sleep under
pokrywa
blanket
a thick layer of something
“a blanket of cloud/snow”
całkowity
blanket
including or affecting everything
“a blanket ban”
pokrywać
blanket
to completely cover something
“The ground was blanketed with snow.”
słup, słupek, maszt
pole
a long, thin stick made of wood or metal, often used to hold something up
“tent poles”
biegun północny/południowy
pole
the part of the Earth that is furthest north/south
przestawiać (się), zmieniać (się)
switch
to change from one thing to another
“We’re trying to encourage people to switch from cars to bicycles.”,
“He’s just switched jobs.”
zamieniać (się)
switch
to exchange something with someone else
“After a couple of months we switched roles.”
wyłącznik, przełącznik
switch
a small object that you push up or down with your finger to turn something electrical on or off
zmiana, zwrot
switch
a change
“There has been a switch in policy.”
miły, przyjemny, ładny
nice
pleasant
“They live in a nice old house on Market Street.”,
“We could go to the coast tomorrow, if the weather’s nice.”,
“It was very nice to meet you.”,
“Nice talking to you.”
miły, sympatyczny
nice
kind and friendly
“He seems like a really nice guy.”,
“She’s always been very nice to me.”
całkiem jakiś , zupełnie jakiś
nice
used to emphasize a positive quality
“nice and clean”,
“This chair’s nice and comfy.”
związek zawodowy
union
an organization that represents people who do a particular job
“a teachers’/firefighters’ union”
unia, zjednoczenie
union
a situation in which two or more countries, groups, etc join together to make one country, group, etc
“a move towards full economic union of EU countries”
łączyć (się), wiązać (się)
relate
to be connected, or to find or show the connection between two or more things
“How do the two proposals relate?”
relacjonować, opowiadać
relate
to tell a story or describe a series of events
uczyć, nauczać, wykładać
teach
to give lessons in a particular subject at a school, university, etc
“She taught at Harvard University for several years.”,
“He teaches history.”
uczyć
teach
to show or explain to someone how to do something
“My dad taught me to drive.”,
“Can you teach me how to knit?”
uczyć
teach
If a situation teaches you something, it gives you new knowledge or helps you to understand something.
“The whole experience taught him to be more careful with money.”
rodzić, urodzić
birth
When a woman or an animal gives birth, she produces a baby from her body.
“She gave birth to twins.”,
“She has serious misgivings about giving birth at home.”
poród, narodziny
birth
the time when a baby is born
“a difficult birth”,
“Write your date of birth here.”
narodziny
birth
the beginning of something
“the birth of modern science”
z pochodzenia Amerykanin/Włoch itp.
birth
born in a particular place or having parents with a particular nationality
wzgórze, wzniesienie
hill
a raised area of land, smaller than a mountain
“They climbed up the hill to get a better view.”
fabryka, wytwórnia
factory
a building or group of buildings where large amounts of products are made or put together
“a textile factory”
naturalnie, oczywiście
naturally
as you would expect
“Naturally, he was very disappointed.”
naturalnie, normalnie
naturally
in a normal way
“Relax and try to behave naturally.”
z natury
naturally
having been born with a characteristic
“naturally aggressive/funny/slim”
naturalnie, w sposób naturalny, z przyczyn naturalnych
naturally
Something that exists or happens naturally is part of nature and not made or done by people.
“Organic tomatoes are grown naturally without chemical fertilizers.”,
“I hope I’ll die naturally in my sleep.”
ani … ani
nor
used after ‘neither’ to introduce the second thing in a negative sentence
“Strangely, neither James nor Emma saw what happened.”,
“He neither spoke nor moved.”
ja/ty itp. też nie, ani ja/ty itp.
nor
used after something negative to say that the same thing is true for someone or something else
"”I don’t like cats.” “Nor do I.””,
““I won’t get to see him tomorrow.” “Nor will Tom.””,
“She couldn’t speak a word of Italian and nor could I.”
płakać
cry
to produce tears from your eyes, usually because you are sad, angry, or hurt
“I could see that she’d been crying.”,
“My baby brother cries all the time.”
krzyczeć, wołać
cry
to speak or say something loudly
"”Look at this!” cried Raj.”
krzyk, okrzyk
cry
a shout, especially one that shows that someone is frightened, hurt, etc
“a cry of horror/joy/pain”,
“I could hear the cries of children playing in the street.”
krzyk
cry
a sound that a particular animal or bird makes
“an eagle’s cry”
popłakać sobie
cry
to produce tears from your eyes, usually because you are sad, angry, or hurt
“Isabel went home and had a good cry.”
kłaść coś , położyć coś
lay
to put something down somewhere carefully
“She laid the baby on the bed.”,
“He laid the tray down on the table.”
układać
lay
to put something into its correct position
“to lay a carpet”,
“to lay bricks”
znosić jajka
lay
If an animal lays eggs, it produces them out of its body.
zwalić winę na kogoś , oskarżać kogoś
lay
to blame someone, usually when this is not fair
“You always lay the blame on me!”
nakrywać do stołu
lay
to put plates, knives, forks, etc on the table to prepare for a meal
świecki
lay
involved in religious activities, but not trained as a priest
“a lay preacher “
przeciętny, zwykły, laicki
lay
not having special or detailed knowledge of a subject
“a lay person/audience”
-
lay
past tense of lie1
wykonawczy, kierowniczy
executive
relating to making decisions and managing businesses
“an executive director”
dyrektorski, dla VIP-ów
executive
suitable for people who have important jobs in business
“Peter always stays in the executive suite.”
dyrektor, kierownik, pracownik szczebla kierowniczego
executive
someone who has an important job in a business
“a company executive”
dyrekcja, egzekutywa, władza wykonawcza
executive
the people who have the power to make decisions in an organization
gliniarz, glina
cop
a police officer
klęska, katastrofa
disaster
something that causes a lot of harm or damage
“floods and other natural disasters “
katastrofa
disaster
a failure or something that has a very bad result
“His idea was a total disaster.”
katastrofa
disaster
an extremely bad situation
“The holiday ended in disaster.”
czas
time
Time is what we measure in minutes, hours, days, etc.
“He wants to spend more time with his family.”,
“Time seems to pass so slowly when you’re unhappy.”
godzina
time
a particular point in the day or night
“What time is it?”,
“What time do you leave for school in the mornings?”,
“Can you tell me the times of the trains to London, please?”
(najwyższy) czas (na coś / coś zrobić)
time
used to say that something should happen or be done now
“It’s time to get up.”
na czas, w porę
time
early or at the right time
“We arrived in time to catch the train.”
punktualnie
time
not early or late
“I got to school on time.”
wiedzieć, która godzina
time
to be able to know what time it is by looking at a clock or watch
czas, okres
time
a period of minutes, hours, years, etc
“I lived in Switzerland for a long time.”,
“It takes time (= takes a long time) to make friends at a new school.”
mieć czas
time
to have enough time to do something
“Do you have time for a cup of coffee?”,
“I never have time to eat breakfast.”
zaraz, wkrótce
time
very soon
“We’ll be home in no time.”
raz
time
an occasion when something happens
“Give me a call the next time you’re in Seattle.”,
“I can’t remember the last time we went away.”,
“How many times have you been to Germany?”
w tym samym czasie , jednocześnie
time
If two things happen at the same time, they happen together.
“We arrived at the same time.”
po jednym , dwa, sześć itp. (na raz)
time
one/two/six, etc on one occasion
“He carried the chairs, three at a time.”
za każdym razem , wciąż, ciągle
time
again and again on repeated occasions
cały czas, wciąż, ciągle(przez) cały czas
time
very oftenduring the whole of a period of time
"”She’s been late twice this week.” “It happens all the time.””,
“He was ill all the time we were in Spain.”
trzy/osiem/dziewięć itp. razy
time
used to say how much bigger/better/worse, etc one thing is than another thing
“Ben earns three times more than me.”
za dzień/dwa miesiące itp.
time
a day/two months, etc from now
“I have to go to the doctor again in a month’s time.”
czasem, czasami
time
sometimes
“At times, I wish I didn’t have to go to school.”
na razie
time
for now but not permanently
“I’m living with my parents for the time being.”
czas
time
a period of time in the past
“Did you enjoy your time in Japan?”
kiedyś
time
at a time in the past
“At one time, you could drive without taking a driving test.”
jak jeszcze kogoś nie było na świecie , zanim się ktoś urodził
time
before someone was born
od czasu do czasu
time
sometimes, but not often
“I still see my ex-boyfriend from time to time.”
czas
time
the amount of time that someone takes in a race
“a winning time of three minutes”
czas
time
the time in a particular place
“The plane arrives at 20.50, New York time.”
wybrać (odpowiedni) moment na, zaplanować
time
to decide that something will happen at a particular time
“They timed the release of the new album so it came out just before Christmas.”,
“Her comment was well timed.”
mierzyć czas
time
to measure how long it takes for something to happen or for someone to do something
“It’s a good idea to time yourself while you do the exercises.”
zdjęcie
photo
a picture produced with a camera
“a black-and-white/colour photo “,
“I took a photo of Jack lying on the beach.”,
“a photo album”
wino
wine
an alcoholic drink that is made from the juice of grapes (= small, green or purple fruit), or sometimes other fruit
“a glass of wine “,
“red/white wine “
wyspa
island
an area of land that has water around it
“the Caribbean island of Grenada”,
“the Hawaiian Islands”
kongresowy, (do) Kongresu
congressional
relating to the United States Congress
“a congressional committee”,
“congressional elections”
naturalny
natural
Something that is natural exists or happens because of nature, not because it was made or done by people.
“natural gas/resources “,
“natural beauty “,
“to die of natural causes (= because you are sick or old) “,
“This product contains only natural ingredients.”
naturalny
natural
normal or expected
“a natural impulse/instinct “,
“It’s perfectly natural to feel nervous.”
wrodzony, urodzony, naturalny
natural
If you have a natural characteristic, it is something you have been born with.
“a natural talent”,
“She’s a natural athlete/blonde.”
skromny
modest
not large in size or amount, or not expensive
“a modest amount of money”,
“Their house is quite modest in size.”
skromny
modest
If you are modest, you do not talk in a proud way about your skills or successes.
“He’s very modest about his achievements.”
broń
weapon
a gun, knife, or other object used to kill or hurt someone
“nuclear weapons “,
“Police have found the murder weapon.”
chować, ukrywać
hide
to put something in a place where it cannot be seen or found
“I hid the money in a vase.”,
“She kept the diary hidden in a drawer.”
chować się, ukrywać się
hide
to go to a place where you cannot be seen or found
“She ran off and hid behind a tree.”
ukrywać
hide
to keep a feeling or information secret
“He couldn’t hide his embarrassment.”,
“There’s something about her past that she’s trying to hide from me.”
skóra
hide
the skin of an animal that is used for making leather
projekt, przedsięwzięcie, zamierzenie, inwestycja
project
a carefully planned piece of work that has a particular purpose
“a research project”,
“The new building project will cost $45 million.”,
“My next project will be to paint the bedrooms.”
referat, zadanie
project
a piece of school work that involves detailed study of a subject
“We’re doing a class project on the environment.”
prognozować, przewidywać
project
to calculate an amount or make a guess about the future based on information that you have
“As people live longer, the demand for health care is projected to increase dramatically.”,
“projected costs/growth “
wyświetlać
project
to show a film or other image on a screen or a wall
“Laser images were projected onto a screen.”
stwarzać wrażenie
project
If you project a particular quality, that quality is what most people notice about you.
“She projected an image of strong leadership.”
wystawać
project
to stick out
jakoś
somehow
in a way which you do not know or do not understand
“Don’t worry, we’ll fix it somehow.”,
“Somehow or other (= I do not know how) they managed to get in.”,
“Somehow he reminds me of my brother.”
