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DAT Integumentary and Immune Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

integumentary system is made up of

A

skin, hair, nails, glands, and some nerve
endings.

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2
Q

Thermoregulation skin

A

helps regulate
body temperature. Blood can be
shunted away from the capillaries of the
skin to reduce heat loss, hairs can be
erected (piloerection) via sympathetic
stimulation to trap insulating air next to
skin.

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3
Q

Protection skin

A

skin is a physical barrier to
abrasion, bacteria, dehydration, many
chemicals, and UV radiation

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4
Q

Environmental sensory input skin

A

skin
gathers information about the
environment by sensing temperature,
pressure, pain, and touch

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5
Q

Excretion skin

A

water and salts are excreted
through the skin, and independent of
sweating, we diffuse water out via
insensible fluid loss

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6
Q

Immunity skin

A

specialized cells of the
epidermis are components of the
immune system

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7
Q

Blood reservoir skin

A
  • vessels in the dermis
    hold up to 10% of the blood in a resting
    adult
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8
Q

Vitamin D synthesis skin

A

UV radiation
activates skin molecules that are
precursors to vitamin D

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9
Q

three main layers of the
skin:

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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10
Q

Epidermis

A

the superficial, avascular
epithelial tissue that relies on the dermis
for oxygen and nutrients. Exposure of the
epidermis to pressure/friction will result
in thickening to form a callus.

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11
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 dead
layers; filled with keratin and
surrounded by lipids. Lamellar
granules make it water repellent

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12
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

only in palms,
soles of feet, and finger tips;
consists of 3-5 layers, and appears
clear/dead

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13
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of
dying cells; lamellar bodies release
hydrophobic lipids

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14
Q

Stratum spinous

A

contribute to
strength and flexibility; 8-10 layers
held together by desmosomes
which are keratin involving adhesion
proteins

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15
Q

Stratum basale (germinativum)

A

deepest layer of skin, contains
Merkel cells and stem cells that
divide to produce keratinocytes; is
attached by the basement
membrane and melanocytes are
found here

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16
Q

Remember the layers of the epidermis
(top to bottom) by using the mnemonic…

A

“Come, Let’s

Get SunBurnt!”

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17
Q

Keratinocytes -

A

produce the protein
keratin that helps waterproof the skin.
As these are pushed to the top layer
of skin, they accumulate keratin and
die, losing their organelles along the
way. Keratin is also the most
abundant protein in the epidermis

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • transfer skin pigment
    melanin to keratinocytes
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19
Q

Langerhans cells

A
  • interact with
    helper T cells of the immune system
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20
Q

Merkel cells

A

attach to sensory
neurons and function in touch
sensation

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21
Q

Dermis

A

the second layer of the skin that
consists primarily of connective tissue,
collagen and elastic fibers, and contains
hair follicles, glands, nerves, and blood
vessels.

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22
Q

Papillary region (top 20%) dermis

A

thin
vascular network within upward
projecting papillae that helps supply
nutrients to epidermis and regulates
temperature. Papillae also contain
Meisner’s corpuscles (sensory touch
receptors) and their upward
projection is what creates fingerprint
ridges

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23
Q

Reticular region

A

region with dense
connective tissue, collagen, and
elastic fibers; packed with glands,
sweat gland ducts, fat, and hairfollicles; provides strength and
elasticity (stretch marks are dermal
tears)

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24
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

A

technically not a part of skin, but it is a
part of the integumentary system;
consists of areolar and adipose tissue,
and functions in fat storage, act as a
heat insulator, and serves as a shock
absorber. The hypodermis also contains
pressure sensing nerve endings and
passages for blood vessels

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25
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

glands that
are connected to hair follicles and are
absent in palms and soles. These
glands secrete oil (sebum) that keeps
skin relatively acidic to discourage
microbial growth, and acne is caused
by these glands getting clogged

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25
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands 2 types…

A

Eccrine (most of body), Apocrine

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26
Q

Eccrine (most of body) sweat gland

A

regulate
temperature through perspiration
and eliminate urea; open directly
to skin

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27
Q

Apocrine

A

found in arm pits,
pubic region, and nipples;
secretions are more viscous and
open to hair follicles

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28
Q

Ceruminous (wax) glands

A

found in
ear canal and produce a wax-like
material that acts as a barrier to
entrance

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29
Q

Mammary (milk) glands

A

secrete
milk for breastfeeding

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30
Q

Hair

A

a column of keratinized cells held
tightly together, and stand up via
contraction of smooth muscles (arrector/
erector pili)

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31
Q

Burn degrees

A

a first degree burn
affects the epithelial layer, a second
degree affects the epithelial and part of
the dermal layers, and a third degree
burn affects both skin layers and
extended into the subcutaneous layer

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32
Q

Albumins plasma protein

A

transport fatty acids and
steroids, help regulate osmotic
pressure, and the most abundant

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33
Q

relative amounts of leukocytes in the
blood:

A

erythrocytes > platelets > leukocytes.

34
Q

Phagocytes

A

engulf foreign particles,
bacteria, dead or dying cells via
phagocytosis. Macrophages are the
largest phagocytes

35
Q

Neutrophils

A

function in destruction
of pathogens in infected tissues; are
drawn to infected/injured areas by
chemicals via the process of
chemotaxis

36
Q

Monocytes

A

circulate in blood until
they move into tissues via
diapedesis where they develop into
macrophages, which are
professional antigen-presenting
cells that phagocytize cell debris
and pathogens. Monocytes can also
give rise to dendritic cells.

37
Q

Dendritic cells

A

responsible for the
ingestion of pathogens and
stimulate acquired immunity. The
main role of dendritic cells is as an
antigen-presenting cell that
activates T-lymphocytes. Dendritic
cells can also have myeloid (from
monocyte) or lymphoid lineage

38
Q

Eosinophils

A

surround and destroy multicellular
parasites.

39
Q

Lymphocytes

A

are WBC’s, but are not
part of the non-specific second line of
defense

40
Q

innate immunity,

A

generalized protection.

41
Q

innate immunity includes…

A

Antimicrobial proteins, skin,Cilia, gastric juice, Symbiotic bacteria

42
Q

Basophils

A
  • release histamines for
    inflammatory response, found
    circulating the blood, and are recruited
    into tissue when needed. Contain
    histamine and heparin
43
Q

Natural killer cells

A

other WBCs are
called natural killer cells (NK cells) and
attach abnormal body cells such as
tumors or pathogen-infected tissues

44
Q

Mast cells

A

function in allergic response,
inflammatory response (histamine
release), and anaphylaxis. These reside in
tissues

45
Q

complement system

A

contains ~30 complement
proteins that circulate the body and assists in
activating the immune response.

46
Q

Interferons

A

these are secreted by cells
invaded by viruses/pathogens that
stimulate neighboring cells to produce
proteins to defend against the virus. believed to be regulators of the complement system

47
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

series of non-specific events that occur in
response to injury or pathogens.

48
Q

Histamine

A

is secreted by mast cells,
which are white blood cells in
connective tissue, and cause
vasodilation

49
Q

Vasodilation

A

stimulated by histamine
and increases blood supply to the area,
which causes a subsequent increase in
temperature that stimulates WBCs that
can kill pathogens

50
Q

Phagocytes

A

attracted to injury by
chemical gradients of the complement
system, and engulf pathogens and
damaged cells

51
Q

Complement

A

help phagocytes engulf
foreign cells, stimulate basophils to
release histamine, and lyse foreign cells

52
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

specific third line of
defense that develops after the body has been
attacked. attacks specific antigens not broad sweeps

53
Q

Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC)

A
  • the mechanism by which the
    immune system is able to differentiate
    between self and non-self. A foreign
    MHC triggers a T cell attack.
54
Q

Lymphocyte

A

primary agents of the
immune response. Are leukocytes that
originate in bone marrow and
concentrate in lymphatic tissue such as
the lymph nodes, thymus gland, and
spleen

55
Q

B cells (produce antibodies)

A

originate
and mature in the bone marrow, and
are activated in response to antigens.
The plasma membrane of B cells
contain antigen-receptor antibodies,
the soluble form of these receptors are
antibodies (or immunoglobulins).

56
Q

Antibodies

A

proteins that are
specific to each antigen, and have 5
classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

57
Q

IgG

A

Gross - gross quantities are
produced, most abundant Ig in serum
and extravascular spaces. Can cross
placenta and are most important in
protecting the fetus

58
Q

IgA

A

BreAst milk - found in breast milk and
other bodily secretions (most
abundant Ig in secretions)

59
Q

IgM

A

Mono - first antibodies produced
after initial exposure to antigen

60
Q

IgE

A

SneEze - related to allergies

61
Q

IgD

A

Diminished - very few are produced,
and the function is not well known

62
Q

Proliferation

A

when an antigen binds to
a B cell, proliferation (or expansion of the
B cell population) occurs, thus forming
daughter B cells.

63
Q

Plasma cells

A

B cells that circulate in
blood and release specific free
antibodies that dispose of antigens

64
Q

Memory cells

A

long-lived B cells
that do not release antibodies in
response to immediate antigen
invasion. Instead, they circulate the
body, proliferate, and respond
quickly (via antibody synthesis) to
eliminate subsequent invasion by
the same antigen.

65
Q

T cells

A

originate in the bone
marrow but mature in the thymus, and
have antigen receptors yet do not make
antibodies.

66
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

killer T cells that
recognize and destroy by releasing
perforin protein that punctures cells
(lysis). These can attack many cells
because they do not phagocytize
their victims.

67
Q

Helper T cells

A

stimulate activation
of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and
suppressor T cells. Are also the target
for the virus that causes AIDs (HIV)

68
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

play a negative
feedback role in the immune system

69
Q

Memory T cells

A

similar in function to
Memory B cells

70
Q

Natural killer cells

A

attack virus-
infected cells or abnormal body cells

(tumors). These cells are part of innate
immunity, not specific, and they attack
infected body cells, not the
microorganisms directly

71
Q

Clonal selection

A

occurs when an

antigen binds to a B cell, or when a non-
self cell binds to a T cell, and the B or T

cells divide into daughter cells that bear
a “selected” effective antigen receptor.

72
Q

Responses of Acquired/Adaptive Immune
System

A

Cell-mediated response, Humoral Response (antibody
mediated response)

73
Q

Cell-mediated response

A

effective
against infected cells, uses mostly T
cells and responds to any non-self cells,
including cells invaded by pathogen.

74
Q

Humoral Response (antibody
mediated response)

A

responds to
antigens or pathogens that circulate in
lymph or blood (such as bacteria, fungi,
parasites, viruses, or blood toxins).

75
Q

differences
between B and T cells

A

B cells can directly bind intact antigens at
their receptor sites, but T cells must have
the antigen presented as fragments from
other cells

76
Q

Antibiotics

A

chemicals derived from
bacteria and fungi that are harmful to
other microorganisms

77
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

consist of
an inactivated pathogen that
has been destroyed

78
Q

Attenuated vaccine

A

contain
live pathogens but are disabled
in some way to prevent
virulence

79
Q

Toxoid vaccine

A
  • can be made
    from inactivated toxic
    compounds that cause illness
    rather than the pathogen itself
80
Q

Passive immunity

A

occurs when
antibodies are transferred from another
individual

81
Q

Paracrine System

A

consists of local
mediators that function in the immediate area
around the cell from which they were released.
These mediators can be proteins, amino acid
derivatives, or fatty acids

82
Q

Prostaglandins

A

locally acting
autocrine/paracrine lipid messenger
molecule that has physiological effects

bio (49 decks)

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