Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > DAT Bio Structure and Func of Systems > Flashcards

DAT Bio Structure and Func of Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells that have similar
structure and function together as a unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many types of tissues

A

4; epithelial
(skin or internal organ covering),
connective (bone, cartilage, blood),
nervous, and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Negative Feedback

A

bringing
conditions back to their normal or
homeostatic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Positive Feedback

A

an action that
intensifies a condition so that it is driven
further beyond its normal limits (e.g.,
labor contraction, lactation, or sexual
orgasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Respiration

A

movement of gases in and
out; can also mean cellular respiration in
which ATP is produced in the
mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thermoregulation

A

control of exchange
of heat with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ectotherms/poikilotherms/cold-
blooded -

A

obtain body heat from the

environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endotherms/homeotherms/warm-
blooded

A

generate their own body

heat and have a much higher basal
metabolic rate (BMR) than
ectotherms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Evaporation

A

body heat is removed
as liquid evaporates (endergonic
process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metabolism

A

muscle contraction and
other metabolic activities generate
heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Surface area

A

vasodilation or
vasoconstriction of extremity vessels
results in heat retention or removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cnidaria respiration process

A

Direct with environment - have large
surface areas and every cell is either
exposed to the environment or close
to it → simple diffusion of gases
directly with outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

annelids respiration process

A

i. The mucus secreted by earthworms
provides a moist surface for
gaseous exchange via diffusion
ii. The circulatory system brings
oxygen to cells, and waste products
back to the skin for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

grasshopper respiration

A

series of chitin-lined
respiratory tubules called trachea
that open to the surface via
openings called spiracles, through
which oxygen enters and carbon
dioxide exits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spider respiration

A

have book lungs
that are stacks of flattened
membranes enclosed in internal
chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fish

A

when water enters the mouth, it
passes over the gills, which are
evaginated structures that create a
large surface area and take in oxygen
and deposit carbon dioxide. Gills can
be external/unprotected or internal/
protected, and water exits via the
operculum (gill cover)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

countercurrent exchange (FISH)

A

the
exchange between opposing movements of water
and underlying blood that maximizes diffusion of
oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide into

water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

left lung has how many lobes

A

2`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

right lung has how many lobes

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pleurae

A

membranous cover of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Visceral pleura

A

lines surface of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lines inside of chest cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Intrapleural space

A
  • has negative
    (lower) pressure relative to the
    atmosphere. If stabbed, air rushes in
    and causes the lung to collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how does pressure of the intrapleural space change as we inhale

A

pressure of this intrapleural
space decreases as we inhale: as the
diaphragm contracts, the lung cavity
opens up, and this increase in
volume equates to a decrease in
pressure (p1v1=p2v2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sequence of events during an
exhale occurs as follows:

A

Diaphragm rises → volume in lungs decreases →
the pressure inside of the lungs increases relative
to the atmosphere → air rushes out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how is co2 transported in the body

A

(bicarbonate
ion) in plasma, or the liquid portion of the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The conversion of CO2 into HCO3

  • is catalyzed by
A

the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Alveoli

A

where gas exchange between
the circulatory system and lungs occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

There are two types of epithelial cells
in human alveoli: what are they

A

type 1 (structural
support) and type 2 (produce
surfactant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nose

A

filters, moistens, and warms
incoming air. The mucus secreted by
goblet cells traps large dust particles
here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pharynx

A

throat, passageway for food
and air; dust and mucus are swept back
here by cilia for disposal via spitting or
swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Larynx

A

voice box; if non-gas enters
the cough reflex activates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Trachea

A

epiglottis covers the trachea
during swallowing; contains C-shaped
ringed cartilage covered by cilia and
mucus cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Bronchi / Bronchioles

A

two bronchi,
which enter the lungs and branch into
narrower bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Alveoli

A

each bronchiole branch ends
in these small sacs, which are
surrounded by blood-carrying
capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Diffusion between alveolar chambers
and blood

A

gas exchange occurs across
the moist, sac membranes of alveoli via
simple diffusion. O2 diffuses through the
alveolar wall, through the pulmonary
wall, into the blood, and into red blood
cells. CO2 follows the same sequence,
except in reverse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bulk flow of O2

A

O2 is transported
through the body within hemoglobin in
red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Diffusion between blood and cells

A

O2
diffuses out of red blood cells, across
capillary walls, into interstitial fluids and
across cell membranes. Again, CO2
completes these steps in reverse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Bulk flow of CO2

A

CO2 is mainly
transported as HCO3
-
ions in plasma,
which are produced by carbonic
anhydrase in red blood cells. CO2 can
also directly mix with plasma as CO2
gas, or bind hemoglobin inside red
blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Inhalation

A

diaphragm (muscular
structure under the lungs) and
intercostal muscles (between the
ribs) contract and flatten. The lungs
increase in volume and decrease in
pressure, leading to a bulk flow of
air into lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Exhalation

A

passive process;
decrease in lung volume / increase
in pressure leads to air rushing out,
and the diaphragm relaxing and
expanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The Bohr Effect

A

refers to the shift in the
oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes
in the concentration of CO2 or pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

High CO2 (oxygen curve)

A

when we have a high
concentration of CO2, it diffuses into
the blood and into the RBC where
carbonic anhydrase converts it into
H2CO3. This H2CO3 then becomes
HCO3
- and H+.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Low pH (oxygen curve)

A

Because low pH means a greater presence
of H+ ions, the hemoglobin structure is
altered to the reduced form that will
release its oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

High temperature

A

at higher blood
temperatures, hemoglobin becomes less
likely to bind to oxygen and releases
oxygen to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

High 2,3-DPG

A

2,3-DPG (also known as
2,3-BPG) is produced from an
intermediate compound in glycolysis and
decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for
oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how to remember factors that shift the oxygen curve right

A

CADET, face right (CO2, acid, 2,3 DPG, exercise, temperature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Haldane Effect

A

moves oxygen curve left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

medulla oblongata

A

signals the diaphragm to
contract,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

indirectly
monitor [H+] in the cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located in
carotid arteries and aorta and function to
monitor the blood concentrations of CO2,
O2, and pH via H+

52
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelial cells

A

found in trachea and
upper respiratory system; may contain
goblet cells for mucus production

53
Q

Emphysema

A

a pathology
marked by destruction of the
alveoli

54
Q

Effects of smoking

A

smoking can
damage the cilia of respiratory cells and
allow toxins to remain in the lungs

55
Q

Hemoglobin

A

structure has 4
polypeptide subunits, with each subunit
hosting a heme cofactor (an organic
molecule with an iron atom in the center)

56
Q

As O2 pressure increases, how is o2 saturation of hemoglobin changed

A

it also increases

57
Q

what does o2 saturation of hemoglobin depend on

A

CO2 pressure, pH, and
temperature of blood

58
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

results from
inadequate ventilation; we don’t clear
enough CO2 and it builds up, so more H+
is formed, lowering the pH

59
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

results from
breathing too rapidly (hyperventilation);
we are losing CO2 too quickly, so H+ and
HCO3
-
start combining to form more
CO2, and the pH begins rising

60
Q

Due to the unique
anatomy of birds, respiration is both…

A

continuous and unidirectional

61
Q

birds breathe in and out thru

A

separate tubes, being much more efficient

62
Q

Tidal volume (VT)

A

the volume of air
that is normally inhaled or exhaled in
one quiet breath

63
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the
maximum volume of air that can be
inhaled after a normal tidal volume
inhalation

64
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the
maximum volume of air that can be
exhaled after a normal tidal volume
exhalation

65
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

the amount of air
remaining in the lungs after maximum
exhalation; air that cannot be exhaled

66
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A
  • the maximum
    volume of air that can be exhaled after a
    maximum inspiration; expressed as IRV +
    VT + ERV
67
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

the volume of
air that can be inhaled after a normal
exhalation; expressed as VT + IRV

68
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

the
volume of air remaining in the lungs after
normal exhalation; expressed as ERV +
RV

69
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A
  • the maximum
    amount of air that the lungs can
    accommodate; expressed as IC + FRC
70
Q

Protozoans circulatory system

A
  • rely on
    the movement of gas via simple
    diffusion within the cell
71
Q

Cnidarians circulatory system

A

body walls are 2 cells
thick, so all cells are in direct contact
with either internal or external
environment

72
Q

Arthropods circulatory system

A

Open circulatory systems - pump
blood into an internal cavity called
the hemocoel (has smaller cavities
called sinuses), which bathes
tissues in oxygen and nutrient
containing fluid called hemolymph

73
Q

Mollusks circulatory system

A

most have open circulatory
systems except for cephalopods,
which have closed circulatory systems

74
Q

Annelids circulatory sys

A

Have closed circulatory systems in
which blood is confined to vessels

75
Q

Path of Circulation in Closed System
Away from heart:

A

aorta → arteries →
arterioles → capillaries

76
Q

Path of Circulation in Closed System back to heart

A

capillaries → venules →
veins

77
Q

Pericardium

A

a fluid filled sac that
surrounds the heart in order to protect
and lubricate it for proper function

78
Q

Right atrium

A

chamber where
deoxygenated blood enters via the
superior and inferior vena cava

79
Q

Right ventricle

A

blood is squeezed into
this chamber through the right AV
(atrioventricular)/tricuspid valve, which
contracts and pumps blood into the
pulmonary artery via the pulmonary
semilunar valve

80
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

the blood pathway
from the right side of the heart to the
lungs, and eventually to the left side of
the heart

81
Q

Blood flows from the

A

right and left
pulmonary arteries → arterioles →
capillaries of the lungs → collects in
venules → veins → pulmonary veins →
left atrium

82
Q

Systemic circuit

A

the circulation pathway
through the body between left and right
sides of the heart

83
Q

Left atrium

A

after traveling through the
lungs, oxygenated blood enters the left
atrium via the pulmonary veins

84
Q

Left ventricle

A

after traveling through
the left AV/mitral/bicuspid valve, blood
from the left ventricle enters the aorta
through the aortic semilunar valve into
the rest of the body:

85
Q

ejection fraction

A

the percent of blood that leaves the ventricles when
the heart pumps.

86
Q

SA (sinoatrial) node / pacemaker

A

located in upper wall of the right
atrium, the SA node is a group of
specialized cardiac muscle cells that
initiate by contracting both atria and
sending an impulse that stimulates the
AV node.

87
Q

AV node

A

located in the lower wall of
the right atrium / interatrial septa;
sends impulse through the Bundle of
His → passes between both ventricles
→ branches into ventricles via the
purkinje fibers which results in
contraction of both ventricles
simultaneously

88
Q

Ventricular contraction

A

when the
ventricles contract (ventricular systole
phase), blood is forced through the
pulmonary arteries and aorta.

89
Q

Semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary
valves

90
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid/right
AV valves and bicuspid/left AV/mitral

91
Q

Arteries

A

thick-walled, muscular, elastic
vessels that pump oxygenated blood
away (except for pulmonary arteries
that transport deoxygenated blood
from the heart to lungs).

92
Q

Arteries have three layers (tunics)

A

Endothelial lining (inner)
b. Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
(middle)
c. Connective tissues (outer)

93
Q

Arterioles

A

very small vessels
wrapped in smooth muscle, and constrict

or dilate to regulate blood pressure or re-
route blood`

94
Q

Capillaries

A

have the smallest diameter
and have a single layer of endothelial
cells across which gases, nutrients,
enzymes, hormones, and waste diffuse

95
Q

4 methods for materials to
cross the capillary wall

A

a. Endo or exocytosis (proteins)
b. Diffusion through capillary cell
membrane (O2 and CO2)
c. Movement through pores called
fenestrations
d. Movement through space
between the cells (ions)

96
Q

Capillary exchange

A

the capillaries
are technically exchanging with the
interstitial fluid that surrounds tissue
cells.

97
Q

The blood hydrostatic pressure

A
  • the pressure from the flow of
    blood pushing outward
98
Q

The blood colloid osmotic
pressure

A

osmotic pressure
exerted by blood proteins,
usually in the plasma; wants to
pull water into the capillary

99
Q

Venules

A

small blood vessels that lead
back to veins and are very thin and
porous

100
Q

Veins

A

larger veins often have valves to
aid in the transport of deoxygenated
blood back to the heart due to fighting
gravity

101
Q

lymphatic system

A

open secondary
circulatory system that transports excess
interstitial fluids (lymph) through the contraction
of adjacent muscles.

102
Q

lymphatic system Has what to prevent back flow

A

valves

103
Q

lymphatic system has lymph nodes

A

have phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that
filter the lymph and serve as immune
response centers.

104
Q

Components of blood

A

55% liquid (plasma) and
45% cellular components.

105
Q

Plasma

A

an aqueous mixture of
nutrients, salts, gases, wastes,
hormones, and blood proteins

106
Q

Blood serum

A

the same as plasma
minus any clotting factor
components

107
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Transports oxygen on
hemoglobin

108
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A

are
larger than RBCs and phagocytize
foreign matter and organisms

109
Q

Platelets/thrombocytes

A

cell
fragments involved in blood clotting

110
Q

steps of blood clotting

A

Formation of platelet plug, Release of thromboplastin, Conversion of prothrombin to
thrombin, Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, Clot formation

111
Q

Cardiac output (CO) =

A

stroke volume
(SV) x heart rate (HR)

112
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood
discharged from the ventricles with
each contraction

113
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume discharged
from the ventricle each minute

114
Q

Stroke volume =

A

end diastolic volume
(EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV)

115
Q

EDV

A

volume of blood in the
ventricle just before contraction

116
Q

ESV

A

blood in the ventricle at the
end of the contraction/systole

117
Q

Blood pressure (BP) or Mean Arterial
pressure (MAP) =

A

CO x Systemic
Vascular Resistance (SVR)

118
Q

SVR

A

resistance controlled by
vasoconstriction/dilation — the
larger the diameter, the less
resistance

119
Q

Rh factor

A

another blood antigen;

120
Q

Double capillary beds (portal systems)

A

occur in the hepatic portal system
(stomach/intestines/spleen drain via the
hepatic portal vein to capillaries of the
liver) and the hypophyseal portal system
between the hypothalamus and anterior
pituitary gland

121
Q

Phosphate buffer system

A

maintains pH
of internal fluids of all cells;

122
Q

Hemorrhage (excessive bleeding)

A

results in a decrease in arterial pressure,
which is sensed by arterial baroreceptors.

123
Q

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

blockade of cells that prevents or slows
the passage of drugs, ions, and
pathogens into the central nervous
system.

bio (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions