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bio > DAT Biological diversity pt 4 cheat sheet > Flashcards

DAT Biological diversity pt 4 cheat sheet Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are viruses living or nonliving

A

non living

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2
Q

2 examples of viruses

A

bacteriophage and retroviruses

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3
Q

RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to
create double stranded DNA transcripts from single stranded
RNA genome

A

retrovirus

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4
Q

3 components of virus

A

nucleic acid, capsid, viral envelope

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5
Q

Viral genome integrated into bacterial genome

A

prophage

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6
Q

Viral genome integrated into eukaryotic genome

A

provirus

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7
Q

Protein coat enclosing and protecting nucleic acid

A

capsid

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8
Q

Outer membrane layer of virus

A

viral envelope

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9
Q

composed of host cell
membranes, other membrane proteins, and viral
glycoproteins

A

viral envelope

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10
Q

Enveloped viruses are typically found in…

A

animals

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11
Q

viruses and bacteria both have…

A

nucleic acids

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12
Q

Viruses that infect bacterial cells

A

bacteriophage

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13
Q

what extra structures does a bacteriophage have

A

sheath, tail fibers

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14
Q

Helps eject viral DNA into host

A

sheath

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15
Q

Help with recognition and
attachment

A

tail fibers

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16
Q

Disruption of host genes involved in cell replication by injection/integration of viral
genome can lead to…

A

cancer cell development

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17
Q

Rapid onset of symptoms and virion replication

A

acute

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18
Q

how quickly is acute viral infections gone

A

brief, resolved in days

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19
Q

Initial period of high viral load -> reduced to low once immune system
controls infection -> lasts several years to a lifetime

A

chronic

20
Q

Intermittent phases of high and low viral loads after initial acute à lasts
years to a lifetime

A

latent

21
Q

Seems dormant after initial viral load but progresses (viral
replication) years later

A

slow progressing

22
Q

prevent phages from identifying bacterial surface proteins

A

cell surface mutation

23
Q

cut at specific recognized
sequences to prevent replication

A

restriction enzymes

24
Q

Internal defense of bacteria that recognizes and cuts out viral
genomes à Used in biotechnology for genome editing

A

CRISPR Cas system

25
Q

In large
population (viral outbreak)

A

epidemic

26
Q

Global
impact (viral outbreak)

A

pandemic

27
Q

Weakened agents that
mimic disease-causing
organism to stimulate
immune system

A

vaccine

28
Q

Viruses mix genes to increase
host ranges; difficult to treat

A

Antigenic shift:

29
Q

Minor changes in viruses
allow for infection of same host species

A

antigenic drift

30
Q

Infectious misfolded
proteins that cause other
proteins to misfold into the prion form

A

prion

31
Q

Single stranded
RNA molecules
that infect
plants

A

viroids

32
Q

Bacteriophage infects and injects genome into host cell,
then transcribes it into viral particles that are assembled
into new viruses à host cell bursts and is destroyed
while virus replicates and attacks other cells

A

lytic cycle

33
Q

Active process where phage replicates in host cell

A

lytic cycle

34
Q

Passive process à Bacteriophage integrates into host
genome without actively creating new viral particles.
Every time host cell replicates, viral genome replicated
as well

A

lysogenic cycle

35
Q

Viral genome may later be triggered to enter lytic cycle
to produce new viral particles

A

lysogenic cycle

36
Q

viral life cycle steps

A
  1. attachment
  2. entry
  3. uncoating
  4. synthesis/replication
  5. self assembly
  6. release
37
Q

between host cell and specific viral surface
proteins

A

attachment

38
Q

set of species a virus can infect

A

host ranges

39
Q

Depending on virus type and host cell à
bacteriophage inject genome into bacterial host cell using
protein tail; enveloped viruses will fuse their viral envelopes
with host membrane, and other viruses are taken in via
endocytosis

A

entry

40
Q

how does bacteriophage inject genome

A

protein tail

41
Q

Once inside host, viral genome is exposed via
breakdown of viral capsid

A

uncoating

42
Q

how is viral genome exposed

A

breakdown of viral capsid

43
Q

Virus replicates its genome and viral
proteins à requires host’s nucleotides, enzymes, and
ribosomes

A

synthesis/ replication

44
Q

what does synthesis/replication require

A

hosts nucleotides, enzymes and ribosomes

45
Q

Viral components spontaneously assemble
into new complete viral particles called virions

A

self assembly

46
Q

Where viral shedding allows newly replicated viral
particles to leave host

A

release

bio (49 decks)

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