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DAT Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division

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1
Q

(karyokinesis)

A

nuclear division

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2
Q

homologous
chromosomes

A

are two copies of every
chromosome, forming pairs called

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3
Q

Humans have how many chormosomes

A

46

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4
Q

how many homologous pairs

A

23

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5
Q

Animal cells have cellular structures called

A

centrosomes

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6
Q

what does each centrosome contain a pair of

A

centrioles

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7
Q

what do centrioles produce

A

spindle fibers

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8
Q

what are the two main phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase and mitotic phase

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9
Q

interphase includes what

A

G1, S, G2

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10
Q

mitotic phase includes what

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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11
Q

Interphase begins after…

A

after mitosis and cytokinesis are complete
(when the cells are replicated and physically separated).

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12
Q

Most
cell growth in volume occurs in what

A

G1

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13
Q

Cell increases in size and G1 checkpoint ensures
everything is ready for DNA synthesis (cells produce protein,
ribosomes, and mitochondria, replicates organelles).

A

G1

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14
Q

DNA synthesis occurs in what part

A

S phase

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15
Q

when are sister chromatids made

A

s phase

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16
Q

when is DNA replicated

A

s phase

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17
Q

second molecule of DNA replicated from
the first, creating sister chromatids.

A

s phase

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18
Q

Rapid cell growth continues to occur.

A

G2

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19
Q

Preparation of
genetic material for cellular division.

A

G2

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20
Q

Some organelles replicate.

A

G2

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21
Q

Inactive state of cells not actively growing or dividing

A

G0

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22
Q

what kind of cells are found in G0

A

nerve and cardiac cells

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23
Q

When Surface area to
Volume ratio (S/V) is small…

A

cellular exchange
is hard, and leads to cell
death or cell division to
increase surface area.

24
Q

why cells are limited in how
large they can grow.

A

surface to volume ratio

25
Q

As Genome to Volume ratio
(G/V) decreases,…

A

cell
exceeds the ability of its
genome to produce proteins
needed to regulate the cell.

26
Q

when does The spindle apparatus forms

A

prophase

27
Q

kinetochore

A

microtubules attach to

28
Q

Prophase has how many chromosomes and chromatids

A

46 chrome, 92 chromatids

29
Q

Nucleus disassembles, (mitosis)

A

prophase

30
Q

nucleolus disappears. (mitosis)

A

prophase

31
Q

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. (mitosis)

A

prophase

32
Q

Chromosomes line up. mitosis

A

metaphase

33
Q

how many sister chromatids do each metaphase chromosome consist of

A

2

34
Q

Each chromatid is complete with what I metaphase

A

centromere and attached kinetochore.

35
Q

Microtubules shorten and each chromosome is pulled apart into two separate
chromatids

A

anaphase

36
Q

(disjunction).

A

Chromosomes pulled to
opposite poles

37
Q

Nuclear envelope re-forms.

A

Telophase and cytokinesis

38
Q

Chromosomes decondense back
into chromatin and nucleoli reappear.

A

telophase and cytokinesis

39
Q

synapsis,

A

Chromosomes pair up lengthwise

40
Q

what does synapsis form

A

tetrads

41
Q

what need to form for crossing over to occur

A

tetrads

42
Q

occur. Pairs are
physically linked through…

A

chiasmata

43
Q

where does crossing over occur

A

chiasmata

44
Q

Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochores and move
them towards the metaphase plate (meiosis i)

A

prophase i

45
Q

Homologous chromosomes are arranged at the metaphase plate

A

metaphase i

46
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes

A

metaphase i

47
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate and spindle apparatus guides the
chromosomes to opposite poles

A

anaphase i

48
Q

Homologous chromosomes are separated from each other to each end of the
cell.

A

Telophase I and cytokinesis

49
Q

Cytokinesis then results in two

A

haploid daughter cells

50
Q

Spindle apparatus forms and microtubules move chromosomes towards
metaphase plate

A

prophase ii

51
Q

Sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical due to crossing over

A

metaphase ii

52
Q

Chromatids separate, moving towards opposite ends

A

anaphase ii

53
Q

Results in four genetically distinct daughter cells in total

A

Telophase II and cytokinesis

54
Q

crossing over occurs

A

prophase i

55
Q

(non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes exchanging genetic
material)

A

crossing over

56
Q

random orientation of homologous chromosomes allows for the
production of gametes with many different assortments of alleles

A

independant assortment

57
Q

sperm fertilizes which egg)

A

Random joining of gametes

58
Q

genetic linkage.

A

Genes closer together on a chromosome are more likely to be inherited together,

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