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bio > DAT Embryology Cheat SHeet > Flashcards

DAT Embryology Cheat SHeet Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The female gamete is the..

A

egg

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2
Q

outermost layer of egg

A

Corona Radiata

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3
Q

male gamete is the

A

sperm

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4
Q

Biochemical process initiated by secretions in the uterus and fallopian
tubes to make sperm more active in female reproductive tract

A

capacitation

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5
Q

where does sperm swim thru for first step of fertilization

A

corona radiata

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6
Q

once the sperm swims thru corona radiata, where does it arrive

A

zona pellucida (aka vitelline membrane)

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7
Q

after sperm arriving in zone pellucida, what happens

A

Acrosome reaction is triggered; hydrolytic enzymes digest
through zona pellucida

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8
Q

after acrosome rxn what happens,

A

Sperm enters perivitelline space and fuses with egg plasma
membrane

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9
Q

after sperm fuses with egg plasma membrane, what happens

A

The haploid nucleus of sperm enters the egg

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10
Q

final step of fertilization

A

2 haploid nuclei fuse to form the diploid zygote (2n)

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11
Q

Occurs instantaneously when sperm fuses with plasma membrane

A

fast block

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12
Q

for fast block, what channels open and close

A

sodium channels along membrane open, causes influx in Na

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13
Q

Depolarization of egg membrane changes… fast block

A

charge of membrane,
preventing other sperm from binding for a short duration of time

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14
Q

Longer lasting block occurring after fast block

A

slow block

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15
Q

Depolarization of egg causes… what for slow boock

A

Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum into cytoplasm

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16
Q

WHAT fuse with membrane and release their contents outward into perivitelline space (slow block)

A

cortical granuls

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17
Q

does membrane shrink or enlarge during slow block

A

enlarge

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18
Q

once membrane enlarges, what happens (slow block)

A

zona pellucida (now known as the fertilization membrane/envelope)
detaches and hardens, preventing future sperm from being able to bind

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19
Q

After slow block, a second…

A

meiotic division of the egg is completed

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20
Q

With each round of mitosis, early embryo goes through

A

rapid cell division

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21
Q

does amount of cytoplasm change with each round of mitosis for early embryo

A

no

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22
Q

New cells formed directly above previous cells

A

radial

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23
Q

New cells formed at angle to previous cells

A

spiral

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24
Q

Cell decides its fate (what type of cell to
become) early in development

A

Determinate (Mosaic):

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25
Q

Separated blastomere and the remaining embryo can’t form…. (determinate)

A

a complete embryo

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26
Q

Removing blastomere would remove…

A

an irreplaceable and critical
piece of organism

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27
Q

Fate of cell is determined later in
development

A

Indeterminate (Regulative):

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28
Q

If blastomere is removed, it and the remaining embryo can.. (indeterminate)

A

form a
complete organism à resulting in 2 complete normal organisms

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29
Q

protostome direction of cleavage

A

spiral

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30
Q

dueterostome direction of cleavage

A

radial

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31
Q

protostome type of cleavage

A

determinate

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32
Q

dueterostome type of cleavage

A

indeterminate

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33
Q

coelom formation protostome

A

Schizocoelus

34
Q

coelom formation dueterostome

A

Enterocoelus

35
Q

cell has decided what genes will be
expressed and which will be repressed

A

determined

36
Q

When we can look under the microscope and see a physical change
in the cell expressing those genes

A

differentiation

36
Q

All fertilized zygotes will undergo a series of rapid cell divisions called

A

cleavage

37
Q

(increasing cell count without increasing
cell size)

A

cleavage

38
Q

when will fertilized zygotes undergo cleavage

A

while traveling down the fallopian tubes for implantation

39
Q

fertilized zygote goes to…

A

morula

40
Q

morula ->

A

blastula

41
Q

blastula - >

A

gastrula

42
Q

gastrula ->

A

neurula

43
Q

(solid ball of cells)

A

morula

44
Q

(hollow sphere of cells)

A

blastula

45
Q

The morula (solid ball of cells) becomes a blastula (hollow sphere of cells)

A

blastulation

46
Q

human embryos in blastulation are known as

A

blastocysts

47
Q

The blastula becomes the gastrula as cells begin to invaginate with…

A

a blastopore

48
Q

what does blastopore go on to become

A

mouth or anus

49
Q

The blastula becomes the gastrula as cells begin to invaginate with a blastopore that will go on to become the mouth
(protostome) or anus (deuterostome)

A

gastrulation

50
Q

During gastrulation, different parts of the embryo begin to…

A

interact with one another for the first time

51
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

52
Q

Even the most primitive organisms form WHAT during gastrulation

A

gut tube

53
Q

a cell can influence the development of nearby cells how

A

induction

54
Q

stimulates overlying
ectoderm to thicken via induction

A

notocord

55
Q

go on to form parts of the intervertebral discs & spinal vertebrae)

A

notocord

56
Q

what does neural plate do in second step of neuralation

A

flods

57
Q

what does neural plate eventually form

A

neural tube

58
Q

The neural tube will go on to form the

A

brain and spinal cord

59
Q

4 key features that all chordates have during development

A

notochord, post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits

60
Q

Epidermis layer
(skin/hair) germ layer

A

ectoderm

61
Q

Adrenal
Medulla

A

ectoderm

62
Q

Jaw + teeth

A

ectoderm

63
Q

Sensory
system

A

ectoderm

64
Q

Nervous
system

A

ectoderm

65
Q

(GI & respiratory
tract,

A

endoderm

66
Q

excretory system,

A

endoderm

67
Q

reproductive tract)

A

endoderm

68
Q

Thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus

A

endoderm

69
Q

Liver

A

endoderm

70
Q

Circulatory
system

A

mesoderm

71
Q

Lymphatic
system

A

mesoderm

72
Q

Skeletal system

A

mesoderm

73
Q

Muscular
system

A

mesodrm

74
Q

Adrenal
cortex

A

mesoderm

75
Q

notocord

A

mesoderm

76
Q

amphibian… Embryo rotates 30° on its axis to form an area called

A

grey crescent

77
Q

Gray crescent formed where

A

(formed exactly opposite of the sperm’s point of entry)

78
Q

develop specialized
membranes outside embryo to help nourish and support it

A

amniotes

79
Q

lack the amnion and
extraembryonic layers à lay their eggs in water

A

non amniotes

80
Q

2 genetically identical embryos

A

monozygotic

81
Q

regular
siblings just born at the same time

A

dizygotic

bio (49 decks)

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