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DAT Diversity of Life Cont Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution Order

A

Jawless fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

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2
Q

how to remember evolution order

A

James Bond: A Real Barbaric Man

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3
Q

what does seed include

A

young dormant sporophyte, storage of nutritive tissue, and an outer protective coat

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4
Q

what kind of cellular division is observed in plants

A

alteration of generation (diploid and haploid)

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5
Q

vegetative propagation

A

form of asexual reproduction in plants leading to genetically identical offspring

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6
Q

seeded plants include…

A

gymnosperms, angiosperms

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7
Q

2 groups of angiosperms

A

dicots and monocots

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8
Q

evolution order of plants

A

bryophytes then gymnosperms then angiosperms

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9
Q

Cotyledons

A

storage tissue that provides nutrition to developing seedlings

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10
Q

leaf venation

A

pattern of veins in leaves

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11
Q

flower parts

A

number of petals sepals stamens and other parts

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12
Q

Cotyledons in dicots

A

2 cotyledons

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13
Q

leaf venation in dicots

A

netted branching pattern

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14
Q

leaf venation in monocots

A

parallel

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15
Q

vascular bundles in dicots

A

organized in circle

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16
Q

vascular bundles in monocots

A

scattered

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17
Q

ground tissues in plants

A

provide structural support (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

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18
Q

Parenchyma

A

this is the most
common ground tissue. They have thin cell walls. Their function is storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

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19
Q

Collenchyma

A

they have thick but flexible cell walls, and serve mechanical support functions

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20
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

they have thicker walls than collenchyma, and also provide mechanical support.

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21
Q

Dermal tissue

A

this tissue includes epidermis cells that cover the outside of plant parts. Guard cells are a type of epidermal cells that surround stomata, hair cells, stinging cells, and glandular cells

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22
Q

vascular tissue

A

consists of xylem and phloem

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23
Q

kinds of xylem cells

A

tracheids and vessel elements

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24
Q

xylem

A

this tissue conducts water
and minerals and also has functions in mechanical support. The xylem has a second cell wall for additional strength.

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25
Q

tracheids

A

long and tapered where water passes laterally from one to another through pits

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26
Q

Vessel elements

A

these structures are shorter and wider, and they have less or no taper at the ends. A column of vessel elements (members) is called a vessel.

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27
Q

Phloem

A

this tissue transports sugar. It is made of cells called sieve-tube members (elements) that form fluid conducting columns called sieve tubes

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28
Q

parts of the embryo

A

Epicotyl, plumule, hypocotyl, radicles, coleoptiles

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29
Q

Epicotyl

A

this part is at the top portion of the embryo and becomes the shoot tip

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30
Q

Plumule

A

these are young leaves often attached to the epicotyl and located underneath the epicotyl.

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31
Q

Hypocotyl

A

located at the bottom region of the young shoot. attached to cotyledons

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32
Q

Radicles

A

adicles develop from below the hypocotyls and become the roots

33
Q

Coleoptiles

A

sheath in monocots that surrounds and protects the epicotyl.

34
Q

what causes seed to break dormancy pd

A

specific environmental cues such as water, temperature, light, or seed coat damage

35
Q

germination begins with..

A

imbibition of water, then enzymes are activated, respiration begins

36
Q

growth of young seedlings/plants occurs at…

A

tips of roots and shoots

37
Q

root growth consists of several sections, what are they

A

root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation

38
Q

root cap

A

it protects the
apical meristem behind it. The root cap secretes polysaccharides that moisten the soil, permitting root growth

39
Q

Zone of cell division

A

formed from the dividing cells of the apical meristem. This zone is right above the apical meristem

40
Q

Zone of elongation -

A

newly formed cells from the zone of cell division absorb water and elongate. This zone is responsible for our perception of growth

41
Q

Zone of maturation

A

cells differentiate and mature into the xylem, phloem, parenchyma, or epidermal cells (root hairs may grow here)

42
Q

secondary grwoth

A

increases girth, origin of woody plant tissues

43
Q

structure of root from outside to in

A

epidermis, cortex, endodermis, vascular cylinder

44
Q

epidermis of root

A

lines the outside surface of the root. In the zone of maturation, the epidermal cells produce root hairs. When the zone of maturation ages, the root hairs die.

45
Q

Cortex

A

makes up the bulk of the root.

46
Q

Endodermis

A

this is a ring of tightly packed cells at the inner-most portion of the cortex.

47
Q

Vascular cylinder (stele)

A

made up of vascular tissue (phloem and xylem) and the pericycle. The stele is located within the endodermis.

48
Q

primary structure of stems

A

epidermis, cortex, vascular cylinder

49
Q

vascular cambium (secondary structure)

A

located between the primary xylem (located closer to the center) and the primary phloem (located closer to the outside). The vascular cambium is a cylinder of tissue that extends the width of the stem and the root.

50
Q

Wood is formed from…

A

mature (dead) xylem tissues

51
Q

structure of leaf

A

Epidermis, Palisade mesophyll , Spongy mesophyll, Guard cells, Vascular bundles

52
Q

func of epidermis leaf

A

protective layer(s) that is covered with a cuticle which reduces transpiration

53
Q

fucn of palisade mesophyll

A

specialized for photosynthesis

54
Q

Spongy mesophyll func

A

Numerous intercellular spaces provide air chambers for carbon dioxide to reach photosynthesizing cells, and for oxygen to reach respiring cells

55
Q

Guard cells func

A

control the opening and closing of stomata. Therefore, guard cells also control gas exchange

56
Q

Vascular bundles

A

mostly transport

57
Q

2 pathways for water to move thru roots

A

apoplastic pathway, symplastic pathway

58
Q

apoplastic pathway

A

water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces from one cell to another without ever entering the cells

59
Q

symplastic pathway

A

water moves through the cytoplasm of one cell to another through plasmodesmata (small tubes that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells)

60
Q

osmosis

A

water moves from the soil through the root and into the xylem by a concentration gradient.

61
Q

Capillary action

A

capillary action causes the rise of liquids in narrow tubes, and it can also contribute to the movement of water up the xylem.

62
Q

Cohesion-tension theory

A

transpiration, cohesion, bulk flow

63
Q

factors involved in the mechanism of open and close stomata (gas exchange)

A

high temp (close) low CO2 (open) night or day,

64
Q

guard cells have what kind of receptor

A

blue light, when stimulated the stomata opens

65
Q

translocation

A

movement of carbohydrates thru phloem from a source (leaves) to sink (site of carb util)

66
Q

pressure-flow hypothesis

A

Sugars enter the sieve-tube members, Water enters sieve-tube members, Through sieve tubes, pressure in the sieve-tube members at the source moves water and sugars to sieve-tube members at the sink, Pressure is reduced in sieve-tube members at the sink as sugar is removed for utilization by nearby cells

67
Q

Auxin (IAA-indoleacetic acid)

A

promotes plant growth and the elongation of cells by increasing the proton concentration in primary cell walls

68
Q

Gibberellins (GA)

A

group of hormones that promotes cell growth (flower and stem elongation). Gibberellins are synthesized in young leaves/roots/seeds and then transported to other parts of the plant.

69
Q

Cytokinins

A

stimulates cytokinesis, and it also stimulates and influences the direction of organogenesis. Cytokinins stimulate the growth of lateral buds, which weakens the apical dominance created by auxins.

70
Q

Ethylene (H2C=CH2)

A

gas that promotes the ripening of fruit, the production of flowers, and influences leaf abscission and apoptosis.

71
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

growth inhibitor. In buds, it delays growth and forms scales, and maintains dormancy in seeds

72
Q

Phototropism

A

when a plant grows towards or away from a light source.

73
Q

Gravitropism (geotropism)

A

plant’s response to gravity by the stems and roots. Auxin and gibberellins are involved. If the stem is horizontal, auxin concentrates on the lower side and the stem bends upward. If the root is horizontal, auxin produced at the apical meristem moves up in the roots and concentrates on the lower side.

74
Q

Thigmotropism

A

this is a plant’s response to touch. For example, thigmotropism can be seen when vines wrap around an object that they are in contact with

75
Q

Photoperiodism

A

response in plants to changes in photoperiod

76
Q

Long-day plants

A

these plants flower in the spring and early summer when daylight is increasing

77
Q

Short-day plants

A

these plants flower in late summer and early fall when daylight is decreasing

78
Q

Day-neutral plants

A

these plants do not flower in response to daylight changes but due to temperature or water instead

79
Q

Phytochromes

A

proteins modified with light-absorbing chromophores. (red and far red)

bio (49 decks)

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