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bio > DAT Genetics Cheat Sheet > Flashcards

DAT Genetics Cheat Sheet Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Messenger RNA is the single-
stranded template for protein

synthesis

A

mRNA

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1
Q

clover-
shaped and transports amino acid to

its mRNA codon

A

tRNA

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2
Q

globular and forms part of the
ribosomes

A

rRNA

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3
Q

Copying of genetic information in cells

A

DNA replication

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4
Q

DNA replication starts at

A

specific nucleotide sequence
called the origin of replication

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5
Q

One new strand is made continuously, which one is it

A

leading strand

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6
Q

made in fragments, which strand

A

lagging strand

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7
Q

separates the DNA double helix into single
stranded DNA, forming a replication fork

A

helicase

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8
Q

Proteins that bind to
the single-stranded DNA near the replication fork to
keep the two strands of DNA apart

A

single stranded binding proteins

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9
Q

relieves the stress caused by unwinding
by breaking and rejoining strands

A

topoisomerase

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10
Q

is synthesized continuously as DNA unzips

A

leading strand

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11
Q

is synthesized discontinuously

A

lagging strand

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12
Q

what does the lagging strand produce

A

Okazaki frGMENTS

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13
Q

Short stretches of nucleotides
formed as the lagging strand is synthesized

A

Okazaki fragments

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14
Q

creates a small strip of RNA primer.

A

primase

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15
Q

DNA
polymerase needs this….

A

existing set of nucleotides from
the primer to begin synthesizing a new strand of DNA

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16
Q

synthesizes new DNA strand in 5’ →
3’ direction by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer

A

DNA polymerase iii

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17
Q

removes RNA primer and replaces it
with newly synthesized DNA

A

DNA polymerase i

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18
Q

seals the gaps in the phosphodiester backbone of
DNA between the Okazaki fragments

A

ligase

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19
Q

Segment of DNA that are added to the ends of
chromosomes to prevent loss of genomic info as
chromosome ends wear down

A

telomeres

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20
Q

Enzyme that creates telomeres

A

telomerase

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21
Q

For DNA to be replicated, it should first be

A

unwound by helicase

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22
Q

Process of synthesizing RNA from a
DNA template.

A

trasncription

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23
Q

In transcription, we bind and
transcribe a…

A

specific gene

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24
Q

gene. In DNA replication,…

A

the entire genome is replicated

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25
Q

Proteins that bind to the
promoter sequence and other regulatory sequences
to control transcription of a target gene

A

trasncription factors

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26
Q

Sequence RNA polymerase
attaches to; this is upstream of DNA that gets
transcribed

A

promotor region

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27
Q

The most effective way to prevent a gene from
being expressed is to…

A

delete the promotor region

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28
Q

Adding 5’ cap sequence to 5’ end and poly-A tail to
3’ end of mRNA for stability

A

post-transcriptional processing

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29
Q

3 steps of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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30
Q

RNA Polymerase attaches to promoter region on DNA and unzips DNA
into 2 strands

A

Initiation:

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31
Q

RNA Polymerase synthesizes RNA nucleotides using one DNA strand as
template

A

elongation

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32
Q

RNA Polymerase reaches a special sequence, detaches from the DNA,
and disassembles

A

termination

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33
Q

The process of
removing sections of pre-mRNA
transcript that are absent in the
mature mRNA and reconnecting the
remaining exons

A

RNA splicing

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34
Q

Protein-coding regions of
the genome

A

exons

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35
Q

Non-coding regions in
mRNA that do not encode
functional proteins

A

introns

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36
Q

Process
occurring during gene expression
that allows for production of
multiple protein types from a
single gene when different
combinations of exons are used

A

alternative splicing

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37
Q

The synthesis of proteins based on the sequence of mRNA
nucleotides

A

translation

38
Q

Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA, and methionine-
tRNA binds to AUG start codon; large ribosomal subunit joins to form

a complete ribosome

A

initiation

39
Q

tRNAs bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide chains)
enter at A site, then shift to P site, and finally to E site for removal

A

elongation

40
Q

Translation terminates when the stop codons (UAG,
UAA, UGA) are encountered. These are recognized by release factors,
which cause the newly made polypeptide chain to be released

A

termination

41
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

42
Q

A single nucleotide change causing substitution,
insertion, or deletion

A

point mutation

43
Q

The codon is changed, but due to the
redundancies in codons, the same amino acid gets incorporated
as normal; protein function remains unchanged

A

silent mutation

44
Q

results in a new codon that encodes a new
amino acid

A

missense mutation

45
Q

converts an existing codon encoding an
amino acid into a stop codon, prematurely signaling the cell to

stop building a protein; it produces a truncated, usually non-
functioning protein

A

nonsense mutation

46
Q

changes a wild type allele to a mutant allele

A

forward mutation

47
Q

reverts a mutant allele to a wild type allele

A

backward mutation

48
Q

results in a shifted reading frame of RNA
transcript, causing different amino acids to be translated and
resulting in impaired protein structure

A

frameshift mutation

49
Q

mRNA sequence
without any mutation

A

wild type

50
Q

Frameshift causing
extensive missense

A

base pair deletion

51
Q

Frameshift causing
immediate nonsense

A

base pair insertion

52
Q

(DNA is duplicated, cell
divides into two cells)

A

binary fission

53
Q

replicates in both directions from a single point of
origin.

A

bacterial DNA

54
Q

Small, circular double stranded DNA molecules that are
separate from the main prokaryotic DNA

A

plasmids

55
Q

carry genes that are non-essential but may be beneficial
for survival

A

plasmids

56
Q

Gene clusters that control
transcription and consist of promoter,
operator, structural genes

A

operons

57
Q

DNA sequence where RNA
Polymerase attaches to

A

PROMOTOR

58
Q

Region that can block the
action of RNA Polymerase if occupied
by a repressor

A

OPERATOR

59
Q

Genes that code for
proteins that are to be produced (BACTERIA

A

STRUCTURAL GENES

60
Q

Genes that
encode products that control the
expression of other genes (bacteria)

A

regulatory genes

61
Q

Protein that binds to
the operator of prokaryotic genes
to decrease transcription

A

repressor

62
Q

Protein
that binds to prokaryotic
operators to increase
transcription and assists the
attachment of RNA Polymerase
to promoter

A

Activator/enhancer

63
Q

Operon in prokaryotic cell that encodes genes required for processing of lactose

A

lac operon

64
Q

Presence of lactose induces the operon to produce…

A

lactose breakdown enzymes

65
Q

A group of genes necessary to synthesize
tryptophan in prokaryotic cells

A

trp operon

66
Q

DNA is transferred from a living
donor bacterium to a living recipient
bacterium by cell-to-cell contact

A

conjugation

67
Q

a pilus

A

in conjugation, (bridge) to send
its DNA or plasmid to the recipient.

68
Q

A competent
recipient bacterium
takes up free DNA
from the surrounding

A

trasnformation

69
Q

DNA is
transferred from one
bacterium to another by
a bacteriophage
(virus that infects
bacteria)

A

transduction

70
Q

Complete genetic information for an organism

A

genome

71
Q

Majority of the human genome consists of

A

noncoding DNA

72
Q

Set of all RNA molecules that can be
produced by a cell

A

trasncriptome

73
Q

Complete set of proteins in an organism that
are expressed

A

proteome

74
Q

do prokaryotes have larger genomes than euk

A

no

75
Q

do prokaryotes have introns

A

noi

76
Q

is there a correlation between genome size vs number of genes

A

no

77
Q

Humans have less genes than
expected for their complexity
due to

A

alternative splicing

78
Q

which has lower gene density, euk or prok

A

eukaryores

79
Q

Stops gene expression by
tightening chromatin
organization of DNA and
without altering nucleotide
sequence

A

DNA methylation

80
Q

Increases gene expression by
loosening chromatin
organization of DNA and
making it more accessible for
transcription

A

histone acetylation

81
Q

decreases gene experession (epigenetic mechanism

A

DNA methylation

82
Q

increases gene expression (epigenetic mechansims

A

histone acetylation

83
Q

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination is seen in

A

reptiles

84
Q

Gender is determined by the environmental temperature
during a thermosensitive period of embryonic development

A

temperature dependent sex determination

85
Q

Males develop in cold; females in
warm (ex. Turtles)

A

pattern I dev

86
Q

Females develop in cold/hot; males in
medium (ex. Crocodiles)

A

pattern ii dev

87
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone
acetylation, and non-coding RNAs are used to modify….

A

which hormones are expressed, which leads to certain sex hormone dev

88
Q

Certain genes are expressed depending
on which parent they are inherited from

A

genomic imprinting

89
Q

The body only expresses the genes
from one parent’s chromosome
rather than both while the….

A

the imprinted
genes on the other chromosome are
silenced via epigenetic mechanism
(not expressed!)

90
Q

A set of genes are only expressed on the father’s Chromosome 15, while the mother’s
genes are imprinted

A

prader willi syndrome

91
Q

in prader willi syndrome, When the genes on the father’s copy are mutated or deleted,

A

the child develops health
conditions

92
Q

A (different) set of genes is only expressed on the mother’s Chromosome 15, while the
father’s genes are imprinted

A

angel mans syndrome

93
Q

If the maternal copies of the gene are deleted or mutated, in angel mans syndrome…

A

health conditions result

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