DAT Final Random info Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells can further be
categorized into two domains:
Bacteria
b. Archaea
Prokaryotic genomes are…
similar in size
eukaryotic genomes are…
typically larger in size
bacterial cells wall
composed of peptidoglycan, a
carbohydrate and protein polymer that
encompasses the whole bacterial cell and
allows for anchoring
RNA polymerase bacteria
1 single type of RNA poly
do bacteria contain histones or chromatin
no
Pfu polymerase
polymerase
found in thermophile archaeans that
is used in PCR because of its
stability and accuracy in high
temperatures
Methanogens
archaeal organisms that
release methane as a byproduct.
Cell wall archaea
archaea cell walls do not
contain peptidoglycan
Histones
positively charged, basic
proteins that provide structural support to
help organize and condense negatively
charged DNA
bond between positively charged
histones and negatively charged DNA
ionic bond
Transcriptome
the entire set of
mRNA expressed by a cell
Proteome
- the entire set of proteins
expressed by a cell
Exons
coding DNA regions for
polypeptides
Introns
- non-coding regions in
DNA that lay within gene sequences,
between exons
Regulatory sequences
control
the expression of genes by serving as
binding sites for regulatory proteins
Telomeres
repetitive DNA
sequences the ends chromosomes
that prevent the loss of genetic
information during multiple cycles
of cell replication
Transposable elements
stretches of DNA that can move from
one region of the genome to another
Retrotransposons
move with the
copy and paste method via an RNA
intermediate
DNA methylation
addition of
methyl (-CH3) groups to the
nitrogenous bases on a DNA strand.
DNA methylation results in decreased
gene expression
Histone acetylation
addition of
an acetyl (-CH3CO) group to an
amino acid (lysine) found in the
histone tails that protrude from the
histone core
Prader-Willi Syndrome
deletion or mutation of the paternal
copies of the genes. (chromosome 15)
Angelman Syndrome
copies of these genes inherited
from the mother are expressed, while
the copies on the paternal chromosome
are imprinted (silenced/not expressed). (chromosome 15)
Pattern I development
males during colder temperatures
and females in warmer
temperatures (turtles)
Pattern II development
female offspring during low and
high temperatures, but male
offspring during intermediate
temperatures
Capsid
surrounding the nucleic acids
of the virus is a protein coat called the
capsid which protects the viral genome
Capsomeres
smaller protein
units that the capsid is composed
of
Viral envelope
membranous outer
layer that can improve the ability of a
virus to infect its host
structure of a phage
nucleic acid, capsid head, protein tail
lytic cycle
phage infects and then
actively replicates in the host cell before lysing
the host to release viral progeny.
lysogenic cycle
the phage does not
actively create new copies of itself. Instead it
integrates its genome into the host genome
and continues to have its genome replicated
when the host cell divides.
Prions
mis-folded proteins that are
infectious and cause other proteins to
mis-fold.
Viroids
simple molecules of circular
single-stranded RNA that infect plants
RNA polymerase I
i. Located in the nucleolus
ii. Synthesizes the majority of
rRNAs.
a. Note, rRNA molecules are
described as being structural
RNAs. This is because they are
not translated into proteins,
but they do perform cellular
roles
RNA polymerase II
located in nucleus
ii. Responsible for transcribing most
eukaryotic genes
iii. Synthesizes ALL protein coding
pre-mRNAs
a. Note that pre-mRNA must be
processed to mRNA after
transcription, but prior to
translation
RNA polymerase III
i. Located in the nucleus
ii. Transcribes various structural RNA
molecules, such as small nuclear
pre-RNAs and pre-tRNAs (pre-
transfer RNAs)
Promoter:
A segment of DNA where RNA
polymerase binds in order to
initiate transcription.
“Downstream”
describes the
direction of transcription.
“Upstream”
describes the
direction opposite of
transcription.
siRNAs
similar to miRNAs in
terms of how they are produced,
however, siRNAs are formed from
long, double-stranded RNA
molecules as opposed to single-
stranded RNA molecules in miRNA.
tRNA molecules
function to “translate” the genetic message
that was written in the language of mRNA
into a protein’s native language.
Bound Ribosomes:
either bound to the cytosolic side
of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
or at the nuclear envelope.
Bound Ribosomes function
synthesizing proteins that become
part of the endomembrane system.
Free Ribosomes function
Create cytosolic
proteins that remain functioning in
the cytosol.
