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DAT Endocrine System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine

A

synthesizes and secretes
hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

Exocrine

A

secretes enzymes into ducts

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3
Q

Paracrine

A

cell signaling where the
target is nearby

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4
Q

Autocrine

A

cell signaling via hormone or
chemical messenger that binds to
receptors on the same cell

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5
Q

Hormone

A

are transported throughout
the body in blood, a small amount has a
large impact, and compared to the
nervous system, the endocrine system is
slower, indirect, and longer lasting

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6
Q

Peptide hormones

A

synthesized in the
rough ER and modified in Golgi (requires
vesicles to cross membrane). They act on
surface receptors typically via secondary
messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP)

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7
Q

Peptide hormones are…

A

water soluable

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8
Q

where are peptide hormones manufactured?

A

rough ER as a
larger pre-prohormone → cleaved in
ER lumen to prohormone → cleaved
again and modified with
carbohydrates in Golgi to final form
→ packaged by Golgi into secretory
vesicles for release via exocytosis

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9
Q

Example of receptor-mediated
endocytosis

A

protein stimulates
production of second messengers

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10
Q

Anterior pituitary peptide hormone exampel

A

follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH),
adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), human growth hormone
(hGH), thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH), prolactin

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11
Q

Posterior pituitary peptide hormone example

A

anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH)

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12
Q

Parathyroid gland peptide hormone example

A

parathyroid
hormone (PTH)

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13
Q

Pancreas peptide hormone example

A

glucagon and insulin

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14
Q

Steroid hormones

A

synthesized from
cholesterol in the smooth ER; are
hydrophobic, which means they freely
diffuse but require a protein transport
molecule to dissolve in blood; have
intracellular receptors

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15
Q

Direct stimulation (steroid hormone)

A

steroid hormone
diffuses past the plasma membrane
and binds to receptors in the
cytoplasm → hormone + receptor are
transported to the nucleus → binding
activates a portion of DNA, acting at
the transcription level

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16
Q

Adrenal cortex steroid hormone example

A

glucocorticoids
and mineralocorticoids (cortisol
and aldosterone)

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17
Q

Gonads steroid hormone example

A

estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone (estrogen and
progesterone are also produced
by the placenta)

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18
Q

Tyrosine derivatives

A
  • formed by
    enzymes in cytosol or on the rough ER
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19
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

are lipid
soluble, require a protein carrier in
the blood, and bind to receptors in
the nucleus. The response has a
latent period and increased
duration. These hormones increase
transcription of many genes in
nearly all cells of the body

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20
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine and
norepinephrine are tyrosine
derivatives that are water soluble,
dissolve in blood, bind receptors on
target tissue, and mainly act via
second messenger cAMP

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21
Q

Receptor location varies…

A

receptors
can be on the membrane or inside the
cell, and hormone regulation can occur
by increasing or decreasing the number
of receptors in response to hormone
amount.

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22
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • the effect
    produced by a hormone is
    monitored, and any deviations from
    a set “normal” level lead to
    adjustments that bring the system
    back to that normal level.
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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

monitors the external
environment and internal conditions of
the body. The hypothalamus contains
neurosecretory cells that link the
hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, and
is therefore considered the link between
the endocrine and nervous system.

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24
Q

hypothalamus secretes what hormones..

A

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin to
be stored in the posterior
pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH) from neurons, which
stimulates the anterior pituitary to
secrete FSH and LH

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25
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

mainly regulates
hormone production by other glands and
is regulated itself by the hypothalamus

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26
Q

Direct (non-tropic) hormones

A

directly stimulate target organs

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27
Q

hGH

A

aka somatotropin,
stimulates bone and muscle
growth

28
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk
production in females from
mammary gland cells.

29
Q

Melanocyte stimulating
hormone (MSH)

A

stimulates
melanocytes to produce and
release melanin

30
Q

Endorphins

A
  • inhibit perception
    of pain (is technically a
    neurohormone)
31
Q

Tropic hormones

A

stimulate other
endocrine glands

32
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal
cortex → release glucocorticoids
via second messenger cAMP.

33
Q

TSH

A

stimulates thyroid gland
which in turn increases in size, cell
number, and rate of secretion of
hormones T3 and T4.

34
Q

LH

A

in females, stimulates
formation of corpus luteum, and
in males, it stimulates interstitial
cells of testes to produce
testosterone

35
Q

FSH

A

in females, stimulates
maturation of ovarian follicles to
secrete estrogen, and in males,
stimulates maturation of
seminiferous tubules and sperm
production

36
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

composed mainly
of support tissue from nerve endings
extending from the hypothalamus.
Does not synthesize hormones, but
stores ADH and oxytocin produced by
the hypothalamus.

37
Q

ADH/vasopressin

A

increases
reabsorption of water by increasing
permeability of the nephron’s
collecting duct → water
reabsorption and increased blood
volume and pressure. Coffee and
alcohol block ADH, therefore
increasing urine volume

38
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • secreted during
    childbirth, increases strength of
    uterine contractions and stimulates
    milk ejection by stimulating
    contraction of smooth muscle cells
    in the uterus and mammary glands
39
Q

Pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin which
plays a role in the circadian rhythm

40
Q

Thyroid

A

located on the ventral surface
of the trachea, just in front of the trachea

41
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3)

A

are lipid soluble tyrosine
derivatives (contain iodine)
Derived from tyrosine and
necessary for growth and
neurological development in
children, as well as increasing
basal metabolic rate (BMR) in the
body (negative feedback on TSH)

42
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

under secretion
→ low heart rate, respiratory rate,
and BMR

43
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

over secretion
→ increased BMR and sweating
(both hypo and hyperthyroidism
lead to goiter, or enlargement of
thyroid gland)

44
Q

Calcitonin

A

peptide hormone that
‘tones down’ Ca2+ in blood
Stimulates osteoblast activity,
which builds up bone by using up
the Ca2+ in the blood

45
Q

Achondroplasia

A

results in
dwarfism

46
Q

Progeria

A

premature aging,
wrinkled skin, arthritis, and
arteriosclerosis

47
Q

Parathyroid

A

four pea-shaped
structures attached to the back of the
thyroid

48
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

helps maintain the right balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functionin

49
Q

Thymus

A

involved in immune response,
secretes thymosins that stimulate WBCs
to become T cells that identify and
destroy infected body cells

50
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • rest on top of the
    kidneys
51
Q

Adrenal cortex (outer portion)

A

secretes only steroid hormones

52
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and
cortisone)

A

raise blood glucose
levels, which stimulates
gluconeogeneis in the liver, and
degrades adipose tissue to fatty
acids for use as energy

53
Q

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

increases reabsorption of Na+
and excretion of K+ in kidneys

54
Q

Cortical sex hormones

A

androgens are male sex
hormones; a small amount is
secreted, which is significant in
females but not in males, since
they have testes producing
much more

55
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

secretes Epinephrine and norepinephrine

56
Q

Pancreas

A

has bundles of cells called
Islet of Langerhans which contain two
cell types: alpha and beta; also has
delta cells

57
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon -
catabolic, and released when energy is
low, thus raising blood glucose levels

58
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

insulin - anabolic,
released when blood levels of
carbohydrates/proteins are high, thus
lowering blood glucose levels

59
Q

Delta cells release

A

somatostatin -
somatostatin inhibits both insulin and
glucagon.

60
Q

Testosterone

A

spermatogenesis,
secondary sex characteristics

61
Q

Estrogen

A

menstrual cycle,
secondary sex characteristics

62
Q

Progesterone

A

menstrual cycle,
pregnancy, regulates formation of
internal reproductive structures

63
Q

Gastrin

A

breaks down food in
stomach, stimulates secretion of HCl

64
Q

Secretin

A

small intestine; when acidic
food enters from stomach, this
neutralizes acidity of chyme by
stimulating the release of alkaline
bicarbonate from the pancreas

65
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

small intestine;
presence of fats causes contraction of
gall-bladder and release of bile,
which is involved in the digestion of
fats and tells pancreas to release
enzymes for digestion

66
Q
A

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